eyes

• CHOROID


  – maintains blood supply to the eye
• VITREOUS HUMOR

  maintains the placement of the retina and the eyeballs spherical

  shape
• CORNEA


  refracts light rays entering the eye
• PUPIL 


  – permits light to enter the eyes
• LENS


  – refracts and focuses light into the retina
• RETINA – receives visual stimuli and transmits images to the brain for processing
• SCLERA 


  – maintains the eye size and shape
• Hordeolum / Stye

  – caused by an infection
• Chalazion 


  – enlargement of meibomian gland
• Xanthelasma


  – lipidosis
• snellen chart


  The ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance
• Normal acuity


  20 / 20
• better vision


  20 / 15
• legally blind


  20 / 200
• jaeger test


  An eye chart used in testing NEAR VISION ACUITY
• jaeger test normal acuity

  14 / 14
• Myopia 


  – Nearsigthedness
• Hyperopia – Farsightedness
• Presbyopia

  Farsightedness due to aging
• Snellen E Chart


  Also known as the “Tumbling E”
• Snellen E Chart


  Useful to test the distance visual acuity of CHILDREN or ADULTS who cannot

  communicate verbally due to physical / mental disability, language barrier or other

  reasons
• shihara Test

  Color perception / vision test for RED – GREEN color deficiencies
• Allen Card Test


  o Done at a distance of 3 meter

  o Consist of a set of seven card with each card containing a single picture

  o Usually used for 2 years old child and older

  o the child is first shown cards at close range with both eyes open and is asked to

  name each picture
• • Conjunctiva


  The mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the

  eyelids
• Tonic Pupil


  unilateral large pupil (tonic pupil) that reacts to light slowly (benign)
• Horner's syndrome


  o Enequal pupils; affected pupil small but reacts to light and has ptosis on affected eye

  related to sympathetic nerve lesion
• Argyll Robertson pupils


  small and irregular with no reaction to light or accommodation, associated with

  neurosyphillis
• Oval pupils

  irregularly shaped pupils may be caused by certain eye surgeries

  may indicate a transtentorial herniation with third
• Sluggish or fixed pupil reaction to light


  Lack of oxygen to optic nerve or brain or topical or systemic drug effects
• Absence of consensual response


  seen in conditions that compress or deprive those areas of oxygen
• Strabismus


  squint; deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome
• Nystagmus


  involuntary rapid movement (horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed) of the eyeball