SCIENCE Q3 REVIEWER

• Geomorphology The study of the relief features of the Earth's crust
• Diastrophism is the vertical and horizontal movement of the crust
• Erosion the physical removal of rock or the wearing down of landmasses by geomorphic agents such as running water, glacial ice, and the wind
• Weathering is the process by which rocks and other materials that are exposed to the Earth's surface and come into contact with the atmosphere decompose
• Vulcanism also known as volcanicity
• Geyser is a surface vent that periodically ejects a column of hot water and steam
• Fumarole is a geothermic vent that emits volcanic gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen gas, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide.
• Volcano it is typically a cone-shaped hill or mountain formed by the extrusion of lava or the ejection of rock fragments from a vent
• Circle of Fire also known as the Ring of Fire this circle is the belt of volcanoes that rings the Pacific Ocean
• Circle of Fire also known as the Ring of Fire this circle is the belt of volcanoes that rings the Pacific Ocean
• Cone the most striking part of the volcano
• Vent the opening through which an eruption takes place
• Magma chamber the larger underground pool of liquid rock
• Crater a basin-like depression over a vent at the summit of the cone
• Caldera a volcanic depression much larger than the original crater
• Lava the rock or magma
• Dikes the barrier or obstacles in a volcano
• Sills otherwise known as intrusive sheets; they are solidified lava flows that originally forced their way between and parallel to older layers of rocks
• Conduit a channel or pipe
• Flank the side of a volcano
• Summit the highest point or apex of a volcano
• Throat the entrance of a volcano
• Ash cloud expelled into the atmosphere; volcanic ash or ash cloud is composed of pulverized rock and glass created during the eruption
• Volcanic bombs the chunks of lava blasted into the air
• Pyroclastic flow fast moving currents of hot gases and rock
• Tephra fall refers to fragmented material that consists of pumice, scoria, lithic materials, crystals, of a combination of the four
• Lahar also called mudflows
• Pyroclastic debris the solid rocks blown from the vent
• Formation by distention is caused by a hotspot near Earth's outer core
• Hotspot is a region of high volcanic activity not located at any plate boundary
• The first hypothesis states that hotspots are due to hot mantle plumes that rise as thermal diapirs from the core-mantle boundary
• The second hypothesis suggests that instead of high temperature, it is the lithospheric extension that permits the passive rising of liquid materials from shallow depths.
• Magma is contained inside a chamber located inside the mantle
• The most active volcano in the world can be found in Hawaii
• Fumarolic stage the emission of acid gases and vapor
• THe volcano is declared inactive or dormant if the last traces of volcanic heat disappear and if it has not erupted in 2000 years
• When volcanoes exceeded a period of dormancy of at least 10,000 hears and are not expected to erupt, they are classified as extinct volcanoes
• Cinder cones simplest type of volcano
• Composite volcano also known as a stratovolcano is made up of alternating layers of pyroclastic elements and hardened lava flows
• Shield volcano is a broad, gently sloping landform built by many layers of low-viscous lava flows which cannot be filled up into steep mounds