RESEARCH 1

• Quantitative research


  Analyzes numerical data to develop a statistical picture of a trend or connection
• Qualitative research


  Seeks to learn from details of the testimonies of those being studied, often focused on answering "why"
• Purpose of quantitative research

  • Test hypotheses
  • Look at cause & effect
  • Make predictions
• Purpose of qualitative research

  • Understand & interpret social interactions
• Quantitative research characteristics

  • Larger, randomly selected group studied
  • Statistical report with correlations, comparisons of means, & statistical significance
  • Answers "how many", "when" and "where"
  • Objectivity is critical
• Qualitative research characteristics


  • Smaller, non-randomly selected group studied
  • Narrative report with contextual description & direct quotations
  • Answers "why"
• Parts of research


  • Introduction
  • Review of Related Literature
  • Theoretical Framework
  • Conceptual Framework
  • SOP
  • Assumption/Hypothesis
  • Significance of the Study
  • Scope and Delimitation
  • Definition of terms
  • Research Methods and Design
  • Informants
  • Setting of the Study
  • Instrumentation
  • Validation of the Study
  • Data Gathering Procedure
  • Data analysis
• Reader's Digest


  A systematic investigation of a certain phenomenon or series of phenomena with the use of an established method, with the ultimate goal of expanding an existing body of knowledge
• Types of research by purpose

  • Pure research
  • Applied research
  • Action research
• Types of research by class

  • Training-oriented research
  • Service research
  • Institutional research
  • Commission research
• Types of research methods

  • Historical method
  • Descriptive method
  • Experimental method
  • Causal-comparative method
  • Participatory method
  • Case method
  • Statistical method
  • Correlation method
• Sampling


  Method of selecting a representative portion of a population
• Population


  The whole group that comprises the members of a defined class of people, events or objects
• Samples


  The members of the group or class which are the subjects of observation and also drawn from the same population
• Random sampling techniques


  • Fishbowl or Lottery sampling
  • Systematic sampling
  • Stratified sampling
  • Cluster sampling
• Non-random sampling techniques


  • Purposive sampling
  • Convenience sampling
  • Incidental sampling
  • Quota sampling
  • Total sampling
  • Snowball sampling
• Plagiarism constitutes claiming another person's idea or intellectual property as one's own
• Characteristics of effective research

  • Recursive
  • Empirical
  • Logical
  • Requires higher thinking-order skills
  • Replicable
  • Solution-oriented
  • Objective
  • Requires sufficient sources of data
• Introduction


  Gives the reader background and context to convey the importance of your research
• Review of Related Literature


  Involves the systematic identification, location, and analysis of documents containing information related to the research problem
• Theoretical Framework


  A foundational review of existing theories that serves as a roadmap for developing the arguments you will use in your own work
• Conceptual Framework


  Illustrates the expected relationship between your variables
• Problem Statement


  An explanation in research that describes the issue that is in need of study
• Assumption of the study or hypothesis


  Statements that are taken for granted or are considered true
• Significance of the Study


  Statement that indicates the importance of the study in any area
• Scope and Delimitation


  Contains the problem that the researcher wants to study and constraints that impact the researcher's ability to effectively study the scope of the project
• Definition of terms


  Clarification and explanation of key concepts, terms, and terminology used in the study
• Research Methods and Design

  Research design is a plan to answer your research question. A research method is a strategy used to implement that plan
• Informants


  The entire group or set of individuals, objects, or events that possess specific characteristics and are of interest to the researcher
• Setting of the Study

  Refers to the physical, social, or experimental context in which the research is conducted
• Instrumentation


  The general term that researchers use for a measurement device (survey, test, questionnaire, etc.)
• Validation of the Study

  A process of assessing the instrument
• Data Gathering Procedure


  Refer to the systematic methods and steps used to collect and analyze data for a specific purpose or study
• Data analysis


  The process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data
• Pure Research - aims to discover fundamental truth or principles of the unraveled boundaries of nature for purposes of exploring new knowledge as basis for declaring new learning theory or law
• Applied Research - Seeks to answer a problem or to settle a significant issue which provides a solution to existing difficulties
• Action Research - Is one that calls for a study on a problem that needs an immediate action
• Training-oriented Research - a form of research conducted by students in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree
• Service Research - conducted by teachers generally in the tertiary level of education
• Institutional Research - conducted by the research Office of an HEI in confluence with vision & mission.