Biology - Enzymes - Semis ~

• Enzymes 


  biological catalysts
• Enzymes

  protein molecules
• Enzymes

  made up of amino acids
• Amino Acids 


  there are 100 to 1000 in an enzyme
• Protein Molecules 


  joined together in a long chain to produce a unique 3d structure
• Why is shape important? 


  it has a direct effect on how it catalyzes a reactions
• Enzyme's shape 


  sequence of amino acids
• Why are enzymes so specific?


  only molecules with the exactly the right shape will bind to the enzyme and react
• Molecules 


  reactant, substrate
• Active Site 


  most important part, where enzyme binds with reactant
• Enzyme

  lock
• reactant

  key
• How enzymes speed reactions

  lowering activation energy
• activation energy

  starts a chemical reaction
• Factors affecting enzymes
• Factors affecting enzymes

  temperature, ph level, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, surface area, pressure
• Optimum


  temperature and ph at which an enzyme-catalyzed reaction proceeds at the fastest rate
• Denatured


  state of an enzyme when it has been irreversibly damaged and changed shape
• Enzymes in Life

  digestion, respiration, photosynthesis, protein synthesis
• Digestive Enzymes 


  produced by specialized cells in the pancreas and digestive tract
• Digestive Enzymes 


  help break down large food molecules into smaller molecules
• Digestion in the stomach


  when food enters it stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCI)
• HCI


  increases acidity to about ph2
• Ph2


  optimum ph for stomach enzymes
• Digestion in small intestine 


  damaged by a strongly acidic ph
• How does the body avoid acidity

  liver produces bile (alkali)
• Bile 


  neutralizes acidic contents coming from the stomach creating the alkaline environment
• Aerobic Respiration


  series of reactions that release energy from glucose using oxygen
• Aerobic Respiration

  Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + water/energy
• Mitochondria 


  where respiration takes place
• Mitochondria 


  energy producing part
• What cleaning supplies contain enzymes

  Biological washing powders
• enzymes are coated with 


  special wax
• Proteases 


  break down proteins in stains
• Stains

  grass , blood, sweat
• Lipases 


  break down stains containing fat and oil
• Carbohydrases 


  break down carbohydrate-based stains like starch
• Enzymes at home 


  produced by microorganisms such as bacteria and yeast
• Fermentation 


  conversion of sugar to ethanol and carbon dioxide by enzymes in yeast
• Fermentation 


  bacteria and yeast can be manipulated or genetically engineered to produce enzymes