Medical science biological molecules

• Structural isomers

  • Alpha -C6H12O6
  • Beta C6H12O6
  • Fructose C6H12O6
  • Galactose C6H12O6
• Uses of carbohydrates

  • Energy storage
  • Structural materials
  • Respiratory substrates
• Chemical formula

  (CH2O)n- no. of carbons
• Glucose + Fructose

  Sucrose
• Structural Isomers

  The chemical formula is the same but the structure is different
• Sugars

  • 6 carbons - hexose
  • 5 carbons - pentose
  • 3 carbons- triose
• Properties of Hexose Sugars

  • Soluble
  • Sweet
  • Respiratory substrates
  • Osmotic effect
• Glucose + Galactose

  Lactose
• Ester bond

  Fat bonds
• Uses of lipids

  • Long term energy store
  • Concentrated energy
  • Insulates the body
  • Phospholipids and lipids
• Lipid Structure

  • Glycerol
  • Fatty acids
  • Carboxyl group
  • Hydroxyl group
• Hydrophobic tail

  In water
• Phospholipids

  • Fatty acid
  • Resembles bubbles
• Fatty acids

  • Saturated
  • Unsaturated
• Triacylglycerol

  Three Fatty acids linked to a glycerol which can be converted to generate ATP
• Saturated fats

  • Solid at room temp
  • NO C=C bonds
  • Most animal fats
• Unsaturated fats

  • Liquid at room temp
  • C=C double bonds
  • Plant and fish fats
• Condensation reaction


  1. Polar glycerol

  2. Non-polar hydrophobic

  3. H2O
• What is a monosaccharide

  Simple sugars
• What is the structure of starch

  Line of repeating glucose molecule.

  it contains amylose and amylopectin
• What is the function of starch

  Provides energy
• What is the structure of cellulose

  A ribbon like polymer made up of glucose molecules
• What is the function of cellulose

  it stabilises and makes the cell wall rigid and tough
• what is the function of amylose

  To digest the starch molecules into smaller molecules
• What is the structure of amylose

  A structure of glucose molecules stranded together by glycosidic bonds
• What is the structure of amylopectin

  A polymer of glucose molecule. It has hundreds of molecules held together by a linear bond and a branched bond
• What is the function of amylopectin

  Energy storage
• What is the structure of glycogen

  It is a monosaccharide that is a glucose molecule
• What is the function of glycogen

  Energy storage
• What are the properties of a hexose sugar

  • Sweet
  • soluble
  • respiratory substrate
  • osmotic effect
• What is the term used when joining two sugars together

  Condensation reaction
• What is the term used when splitting up two disaccharides

  Hydrolysis
• Alpha +Alpha = 


  Maltose
• Glucose + Galactose =

  Lactose
• Glucose + Fructose =

  Sucrose
• Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide =

  Disaccharide + water
• What are the properties of a disaccharide

  • sweet
  • soluble
  • osmotic effect
  • respiratory substrate
• What are the functions of Lipids

  • long term energy store
  • component in plasma membrane
• Carbohydrate bonds are

  Glycosidic bonds
• Fat bonds are

  Ester bonds