geology

• Pressure


  Force pressing on an area
• The Crust


  • Outermost layer of the Earth where life exists
  • Layer upon which we live and build cities
  • Layer of solid rock that includes both dry and ocean floor
  • Colder than the mantle and rock (the crust is heavily cracked and broken)
  • Where we find valuable resources like oil, water, gases
• Types of Crust

  • Continental Crust
  • Oceanic Crust
• Continental Crust

  • About 90-70 km thick
  • Composed of light granic rocks made up of mostly aluminum silicates
• Oceanic Crust

  • Underlies the ocean floor
  • Has an average thickness of 5km
  • Composed of dense basaltic rocks made up of magnesium silicates
• The Mantle

  • Middle and thickest layer of the Earth
  • Where most of the Earth's heat is located due to the thickness
  • A semi-solid rocky and very hot layer
  • 2,400km thick (1,860 miles)
  • Makes up 80% of the Earth and carries most of its mass
  • Composed of ferro-magnesium silicate rocks
  • Top layer has a temperature of 900°C
  • Temperature increases from 7,000°C to 3,700°C as it goes deeper
• Layers of the Mantle


  • Lithosphere
  • Asthenosphere
  • Lower Mantle
• Lithosphere

  • Uppermost part of the mantle and the crust together form a rigid layer that can break the stress
• Asthenosphere

  • Located below the lithosphere, a soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats, can bend like plastic
• Lower Mantle


  • Located beneath the asthenosphere, in which it is solid
• The Core


  • Innermost layer of the Earth
  • Made mostly of metals, iron and nickel
• Parts of the Core

  • Outer Core
  • Inner Core
• Outer Core


  • Layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core
  • Liquid part of the core
  • Made up of molten iron and nickel, also contains sulfur
  • 2,360 km thick
• Until recently, there were no mechanical probes or actual explorations done to actually discover the deepest region of the Earth
• The Earth is made up of three layers: the crust, the mantle and the core
• The study of these layers is mostly done in the Earth's crust
• These layers vary greatly in size, composition, temperature
• The Core

  Innermost layer of the earth

  Made mostly of metals, iron, and nickel

  Consist of two parts: Liquid outer core and Solid inner core
• Outer Core

  Layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core. Liquid part of the core. Made up of molten, iron and nickel. Also contain sulfur.

  2,400 km thick

  4,700 degree celcius to 4,300 degree celcius temperature
• Inner Core

  Solid and made up of almost entirely of iron. Remains solid because it is under an extreme amount of pressure
• Boundaries between the layers of the Earth

  Mohorovicic Discontinuity - discovered by Goatian Seismologist Anarija Mohorovicic

  Lehmann Discontinuity - Discovered by Inge Lehmann

  Gutenberg Discontinuity - discovered by Beno Guternburg