HIV and Blood Diseases

• Causes why HIV is common in Africa

  Poverty

  Inadequate medical care

  Lack of prevention and education

  Taboo and stigma

  Sexual behavior

  Prostitution

  Sexual violence against women
• HIV infection causes a progressive depletion of CD41 cells, which eventually leads to immunodeficiency
• Clinical Stages


  Acute HIV Infection

  Clinical Latency

  Symptomatic HIV Infection

  Progression of HIV to AIDS
• Main Biomarkers

  HIV RNA (Viral Load)

  CD4+ T-cell Count (CD4 Count)
• Acute HIV Infection


  Transmission of HIV to the host until seroconversion occurs
• Seroconversion


  Production of detectable antibodies
• Physical symptoms of Acute HIV Infection subsides after

  2-4 weeks after infection and subsides after 1-2 weeks
• Clinical Latency


  Asymptomatic HIV Infection
• Symptomatic HIV Infection


  HIV slowly breaks down the immune system
• Progression of HIV to AIDS


  Infection becomes symptomatic and progresses to AIDS
• Risk factors of HIV

  Unprotected sex

  Sexually Transmitted Infection

  Alcohol and drugs

  Injecting equipment and drug solution

  Receiving unsafe injections

  Pregnant women with HIV

  Needle stick injuries
• Consequences of HIV

  Weight loss and wasting

  Reduced food intake (Oral Candidiasis)

  GI Complications

  Lipodystrophy (Buffalo Hump)

  Neurological complications

  Multi-organ diseases
• Major indicator of immune function

  CD4 count
• Primary indicator to gauge the efficacy of ART

  HIV RNA
• Main goal of ART

  To achieve and maintain viral suppression

  Reduce HIV-related morbidity and mortality

  Improve the quality of life

  Restore and preserve immune function
• Fasting blood lipid

  Fasting glucose/insulin level

  Protein status

  Blood Pressure

  TSH/Testosterone level

  CD4 cell count

  Viral load

  Biochemical Markers Monitoring
• Patient with HIV may also experience

  Pneumonia and Tuberculosis
• Medical Nutrition Therapy for HIV

  Comprehensive nutrition assessment

  Regular monitoring and evaluation (to detect and manage undesirable nutritional consequences)

  Food safety concerns (due to weak immune system)
• Goals of Medical Nutrition Therapy for HIV

  To optimize nutritional status

  To maintain a healthy weight and lean body mass

  To prevent nutrient deficiencies

  To maximize the effectiveness of medical and pharmacologic treatments
• A place where there is a high cases of HIV

  Africa
• REE is increased by approximately

  10%
• Protein for weight maintenance in HIV

  1.0 to 1.4
• Dietary fat intake for HIV

  20% to 35%
• Protein needed to increase lean body mass for HIV

  1.5 to 2.0
• Low levels of Vitamins A, B12, and Zinc are associated with?

  Faster disease progression
• Vitamins needed to increase CD4 counts and slows the diseases progression to AIDS

  Vitamins C and B
• Adequate supplementation of A, B-complex, C, D, E, Selenium, Iron, and Zinc can help HIV by?

  Strengthening immune response

  Decreases risk of progression to AIDS

  Hasten healing process

  Higher CD4 counts
• Mothers infected with HIV should be provided with lifelong?

  Antiretroviral Therapy

  Antiretroviral Prophylaxis Interventions
• ART helps reduce HIV transmission through?

  Breastfeeding
• Mothers living with HIV should continue to breastfeed for at least

  12 to 24 months
• Spongy tissue in the middle of certain bones

  Bone marrow
• Hemopoiesis takes place in where for children?

  Long bones and thigh bone
• Hemopoiesis takes place in where for adults?

  Spine, hips, ribs, skull, breastbone
• What are the progenitor cells?

  Lymphoid cells

  Myeloid cells
• What are the different Myeloid stem cells?

  Red cells

  White cells

  Platelets
• What are the different Lymphoid stem cells?


  T-cells

  B-cells
• What are two blast cells?

  Myeloblasts and Lymphoblasts
• Platelets are made from a VERY LARGE bone marrow called?

  Megakaryocytes
• If megakaryocytes break apart, they form more than ____ platelets

  1000
• How many days RBC live?

  80-100