cu - 11

• bronchiole - one of the smallest airways in the respiratory tract and it leads directly to the alveolar duct which houses the alveoli
• alveoli - is responsible for exchanging gasses in the blood.
• Upper airway structures ●Nasopharynx●Oropharynx●Larynx
• Upper airway structures - ○warms,filter and humidify -helps to make sound - sends air to lower airways
• Lower airway structures - trachea, bronchioles, alveoli
• scapula - 2
• sternum (breast bone) - 1
• pair of ribs - 12
• thoracic vertebrae - 12
• the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide through - respiration
• respiration begins at the nose continues as a series of airways or passages extending to the alveoli where gas exchange takes place
• the primary muscle of respiration is the - diaphragm
• Our airways do not directly participate in gas exchange, gas exchange happens in the alveoli
• airway - facilitate the bulk of air to flow to areas which are responsible for gas exchange
• the negative lung pressure that is needed for breathing is maintained by the pleura (Boyle's Law)breathing is
• the exchange of air between the lungs and the atmosphere accomplished by - pulmonary ventilation
• during inhalation the diaphragm presses abdominal organs downward and forward
• during exhalation the diaphragm rises and recoils to the resting position
• External Respiration - the exchange of gasses (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the alveoli and the blood through the alveolar-capillary membrane - (Happens at the level of the lungs)
• Internal respiration - the exchange of gasses between the systemic capillaries and the tissue at the cellular level - (Happens at the level of the body)
• Cellular respiration - exchange of gasses within the cell - (Happens at the level of cell)
• Newborn and children - obligatory nose breathers - primarily abdominal, breath sounds are louder,harsher, and more bronchial - RR=irregular
• age 2 - , shape of the chest is more round than oval, with the ribs in a horizontal position
• After about age 2 - the ribs become more oblique, and the breathing pattern becomes primarily intercostal
• Aging - breathing and lung capacity decrease as a resultof muscle weakness and decreased elasticity
• During pregnancy, increases in tidal volume and respiratory rate allow for a 20 percent increase in oxygen consumption
• Tidal Volume - is the amount of air delivered to the lungs with each breath.
• The normal tidal volume is 500 ml of air
• left has two lobes
• right lung has three lobes
• posterior approach - affords the best access to the lungs because there are no underlying organs or

  structures to get in the way
• right lung may be slightly higher because of the liver
• Pale diaphoretic-sympathetic response to-respiratory distress and-hypoxia
• Central cyanosis-dusky or blue buccal mucosa and tongue-Po2 is less than 50-ventilation-perfusion problems
• Peripheral cyanosis-Blue dusky-red, purple color-slow or congested blood flow in peripheral vessels or disorders with compensatory polycythemia
• Clubbing-long-standing lung disease
• Trachea should arise out of sternal notch andshould be midline
• pursed lip breathing “physiological positive end expiratory pressure”
• Neck vein distention-general sign of respiratory distress air hunger
• Eupnea - normal breathing pattern - 16–20 breaths/min and regular