ph pop 1

• Social Classes


  • Lower class
  • Middle class
  • Upper class
• Lower class


  • Large group of people who live along or below the poverty line
  • Generally do not have the means to meet some - if not all - of the basic necessities needed for survival
  • Sympathetic to other people because of the community but are themselves victims of anxiety and depression, which push them to do dangerous actions
• Middle class


  • Largest and most diverse group of people who lives along and beyond the poverty line
  • Their income is sufficient to provide some - if not all - the basic necessities in life
  • Serve as the backbone of the economy, which lends to their capacity to do diverse labors
• Upper class


  • Somewhat small group of people who live beyond the poverty line
  • Have the means to gain all the basic necessities in life
  • Invest more in their lives and live in luxury
  • Most upperclassmen have the means to spend for their personal happiness but, in turn, make them apathetic and self-centered
• Indian caste system


  • Nobility and divine service group
  • Common folk service group
• Pre-colonial Filipino caste


  • Datu/Babaylan
  • Maharlika
  • Maginoo
  • Timawa
  • Aliping namamahay
  • Aliping saguiguilid

  
• Spanish-influenced casta


  • Indios
  • Sangleys
  • Blancos
  • Insulares
  • Americanos
  • Peninsulares
  • Mestizo de Español
  • Tornatras
  • Mestizo de Bombay
  • Mestizo de Sangley
• When there's a disparity between social classes, class struggles would inevitably follow
• Class struggle examples


  • Fall of the Tsardom in Russia
  • Ernesto "Che" Guevara
  • Filipino revolutionaries
  • Marcos period in the Philippines
• The idea of class struggle is evident in various popular culture mediums
• Sex


  Biological trait that determines one's reproductive function based on the gametes present
• Gender


  Spectrum of characteristics of women, men, boys, and girls that are socially constructed, including norms, behaviors, and roles associated with being one's self and their relationship with others
• Sexual orientations


  • Androphilia
  • Gynephilia
  • Ambiphilia
  • Pansexuality
  • Asexuality
• Gender identity


  One's self-evaluation regarding their gender
• Gender identity is commonly associated with the gender spectrum
• Lesbian


  A woman who is sexually and romantically attracted to other women
• Bisexual


  People who are experiencing both androphilia (attraction to men) and gynephilia (attraction to women)
• Pansexual


  People who are attracted to all people regardless of sexual orientation - meaning, they love all sexes (and genders)
• Asexual


  People with no sexual attraction to other sexual orientations or genders
• Gender identity


  The term used to describe one's self-evaluation regarding their gender
• Cisgender


  People whose gender is identified with the sex they are born in
• Transgender


  People whose gender is identified with the notion that they were born in the wrong sex
• Genderqueer/Queer


  People whose gender does not fall into either cis or trans categories
• Agender


  People who do not conform to the categories of gender identity, including non-binary people
• Gender expression


  How people express their gender through actions, mannerisms, and fashion choices
• Masculinity


  Expression whose qualities or attributes are regarded as characteristically male, exemplified by valuing strength, courage, independence, leadership, and assertiveness
• Femininity


  Expression whose qualities or attributes are regarded as characteristically female, exemplified by valuing empathy, humility, gracefulness, gentleness, and sensitivity
• Androgyny


  Expression of both male and female qualities or attributes, exemplified by expressing gender-neutral characteristics

  
• If a person is born male, identifies themselves as male, expresses masculine traits, and is not attracted to either men or women, then he is an asexual cis-male. However, he can also identify himself as non-binary since he is asexual towards others.
• The biggest issue of the SOGIE (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression) is gender inequality. During the pre-colonial Philippines, both women and men enjoy equal rights. However, when Spain colonized the country, their Western ideals had cemented the idea that women should serve men and that homosexuals had no place in society – or in the afterlife.
• The Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, and Expression Bill (or SOGIE Bill) is written and deliberated in the Legislative branch. This bill, when ratified, ensures that everyone enjoys the same human rights to live, to work, to express themselves, to love and marry the ones they love, and to be free of discrimination.
• Race is the idea that the human species is divided into distinct groups based on their shared inherited physical and behavioral differences. This notion sprang from the ideologies of the West during the Age of Exploration, where they got to visit lands beyond their own and began to profile themselves as the superior one above others.
• Racism is the behaviors or attitudes that reflect and foster the belief that race is a fundamental determinant of human traits, where differences make one superior.
• Racial science is the inherent idea that humankind is split into separate and unequal races, used in pseudoscientific research to propagate the concept that one race dominates the others because they were "the basis on being human".
• Notable scientists who promoted racial science

  • Carolus Linnaeus
  • Petrus Camper
  • Johan Friedrich Blumenbach
  • Samuel George Morton
• Racial appropriation is the act of subjugating one race for the benefit of the other, such as slavery.
• In the Philippines, many of the indigenous tribes suffered over the course of history, as the Spaniards took the land for themselves and had the natives toil on it. As a result, they were either driven out and fled to the mountains or were converted to Christianity due to conformity.
• Igorot indigenous peoples


  • Tinguian
  • Bontoc
  • Gaddang
  • Isneg
  • Kalinga
  • Ibaloi
  • Kankanaey
  • Ifugao
  • Gaddang
• Indigenous tribes in the Philippines

  • Igorot
  • Lumad
• Igorot indigenous peoples


  • Tinguian (Abra)
  • Bontoc (Apayao, Kalinga, Mountain Province)
  • Gaddang (Apayao, Isabela, Kalinga)
  • Isneg (Apayao, Kalinga)
  • Kalinga (Apayao, Kalinga)
  • Ibaloi (Benguet)
  • Kankanaey (Benguet)
  • Ifugao (Ifugao)
  • Ilongot (Nueva Vizcaya)