participation

• Society


  Groups of people involved with persistent interpersonal relationships who share a geographical territory and are subject to cultural norms and experiences
• Socialisation


  A lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas and scales
• Agents of socialisation


  • Primary: parents, family, internalisation of norms
  • Secondary: school, friends
• Social control


  The way in which people's thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated within societies
• Agents of social control

  • Institutions, politics, employment, patriarchal stereotypes
• Social change


  An alteration in the social order of society
• Social issues


  Problems that affect many people in a society
• Inequality


  Unequally divided resources (income, gender, race)
• Stacking


  The disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions
• Channeling


  Pushing ethnic minorities into certain sports based on stereotypes
• Social stratification


  A type of inequality where society is divided into levels based on status and wealth
• Self-fulfilling prophecy


  Myth → stereotype → prejudice → discrimination → myth
• Social action theory


  Actor/agent, tendency of a behaviour, social consequence, modify behaviour
• Rational actions


  Actions that lead to a valued goal, where the end justifies the means
• Instrumental actions


  Actions that take place after evaluating the impact of a goal, leading to modification
• Barriers to participation in sport

  • No time (work), domestic responsibilities, negative social influences (gender stereotypes), role models, PE experience, lack of motivation, lack of resources, money, access to facilities/equipment, self-esteem, exclusivity
• Target groups for inclusive policies

  • Gender, ethnic minority groups, disabled, disadvantaged
• Disability


  Level of ability, societal views (discriminatory), self-esteem/confidence, lack of coaches, specialist equipment, club availability/opportunity, transport, role models, schools
• Ethnicity


  Many sports aren't multicultural, under-representation, stacking, channeling (over-representation in certain sports), lack of role models/opportunities, self-esteem/confidence
• Gender


  Lack of opportunity, less time (household responsibility), lower salaries (professionals), lack of female-only provision, fewer role models, media coverage
• Disadvantaged


  Cost of access/equipment (exclusive/memberships), locality of facilities, healthcare provision, less time (household/work responsibilities), on-going costs
• Stereotyping


  Making a very simplistic generalisation
• Discrimination


  Unjust treatment of a group of people
• Prejudice


  Having a bias, often based upon stereotypes
• Inclusiveness


  Including all policies that challenge stereotypes
• All NGBs must have an equal opportunities policy
• Physical health benefits of exercise

  • Weight control
  • Prevents coronary heart disease
  • Prevents atherosclerosis
  • Prevents cardiac arrest
  • Helps to lower cholesterol
  • Increases fitness
• Mental health benefits of exercise

  • Decreases stress
  • Increases self-esteem
  • Improves body image
  • Increases serotonin
  • Prevents depression
• Social health benefits of exercise

  • Increased social skills
  • Increased co-operative skills
• Societal benefits of exercise

  • Decreased cost for/pressure on NHS
  • Decreased obesity illness levels
  • Increased community integration/morale
  • Decreased absenteeism
  • Increased GDP
  • Reduced crime
• Sport England

  • Increase opportunities for young people
  • Nurture talent
  • Provide the right facilities in the right places
  • Provide real community opportunities
  • Work with partners
• Sport England partners


  • 49 county sports partnerships
  • Regional programme delivery
  • Schools
  • NGBs
  • Local authorities
• English Federation of Disability Sport

  • Make sport a lifestyle choice
  • National charity
• Street Games


  • Brings sport to the doorstep of disadvantaged communities at convenient times
• Sporting Equals


  • Make sport more attractive to women and girls
  • Prevent participation drop outs
• Funding for Sporting Equals is provided by the National Lottery
• Whole sport plans


  1. Must be submitted to Sport England by all NGBs

  2. Outline how they will nurture talent

  3. Outline how they will invest in the provision of young people
• Sports development pyramid


  • Foundation
  • Participation
  • Performance
  • Elite
• Foundation


  • Grassroots, mass participation, school PE, simple motor skills, physical recreation
• Participation


  • Non-serious, extra-curricular, generic skills