Lecture 1

• Keens cycle oxidizes Acetyl-CoA
• Anabolic function

  
• Anaplerotic reactions: replace intermediates used up in the Krebs cycle. The reaction of pyruvate to oxaloacetate by Pyruvate carboxylase. Pyruvate to Malate by Malic enzymes. Phosphenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate by phospenolpyruvate carboxykinase/carboxylase.
• Only a small amount of oxaloacetate is needed to Make a large quantity of acetly-CoA
• citrate is changed to isocitrate by aconitase because the hydroxyl group is not properly located
• Alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is homologous to dihydrolipoyl transsuccinylase but identical to dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
• Succinyl-CoA synthetase or succinct thiokinase also cleaves GDP to GTP which is substrate phosphorylation.
• Succinate dehydrogenase is link to electron transport chain, complex 2. Tightly bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane
• Mali ate is a log of succinct and a competitive inhibitor
• Exergonic reactions-catabolism th breakdown or oxidation
• Synthetic or anabolism is the build up
• Phosphagens are a high-energy phosphate. Creatine phosphate in vertebrate skeletal muscle, heart, sprem and brain and arginine phosphate in the invertebrate muscle. When ATP is being rapidly used it maintains the ratio, when the concentration of ATP is high, can act as a storage
• Sources of high energy phosphate, oxidative phosphorylation (most), glycolysis (two)-Phosphoglcerate kinase and Pyruvate kinase, and Krebs (one)-succiny—CoA syntherhase
• Electrons transported from NADH to NADH-Q oxidoreductase (1) to Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (3)(by conenzyme Q), cytochrome c (4) takes to final part. Succinate-Q reductive is complex 2 and does not pump proteins.
• Cytochromes are proteins with strong absorption of visible light due to iron containing prosthetic group. Cytochrome is a soluble protein which interacts through electrostatic interactions with outer surface of inner membrane. Moves electrons from complex 3 to r
• Iron-Sulfur participate in 1 electron transfer where one iron is oxidized or reduced. Iron not in heme but in association with sulfur of Cys residues
• Ubiquinone is the active form of conenzyme Q
• Complex 1

  transfer of ubiquinoje to hydride ion from NADH to a proton and the transfer of four protons
• Complex 3

  transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c
• Complex 4

  cytochrome oxidase from cyctochrome c to molecular oxygen
• Barbiturates inhibit NAD-linked dehydrogenases by blocking transfer of FeS to Q
• Amytimycim A and dimercaprol inhibit the respira chain between cytochrome b and c
• H2S, cyanide and CO inhibit cytochrome C oxidase
• Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinct dehydrogenase
• Atractyloside inhibits oxidative phosphorylation by inhibiting transport of ADP to ATP
• Oligomycin blocks phosphorylation
• 2,4-dinitophenol and thermogenin (found in brown adipose tissue) are uncouplers
• Superoxide dismutase and catalase, glutathione peroxidase and reductase are antioxidant defense
• Permeable: O2, H2O, CO2, NH3, ExHydroxybutyric, acetoacetic and acetic. Long fatty acids use carnitine,
• Glycerophosphate shuttle

  
• Maleate shuttle