development

• Popular recreation (pre-1780)


  Pre-industrial form of sport
• Characteristics of popular recreation

  • Localised / isolated (lack of transport)
  • Rural (Agrarian lifestyle)
  • Occasional (Agrarian calendar)
  • Violent (harsh society)
  • Feudal system
  • Simple rules
  • Illiteracy / lack of communications
• Rational recreation


  Has a moral purpose, played by the new middle class, in the image of god
• Characteristics of rational recreation

  • Respectable (middle class)
  • Codified rules and NGBs (communications)
  • Regional / national (transport)
  • Specialist equipment / facilities (technology)
  • Urbanisation
  • Frequent (free time)
• Industrialisation


  1. Mass migration (urbanisation)

  2. Lack of free time

  3. Poverty

  4. Lack of public health / sanitation = participation decreased

  5. 1850-1900 involvement increased, more free time for factory workers, public health provision, influence of schoolboys, spectators
• Mob football


  Rural, violent, annual, wagering, no mules/moles
• Public schools


  Social control, entertainment, school grounds, codified rules, free time, British Empire, FA farmed in 1863
• Industrial society


  1. Transport

  2. Media

  3. Communications (leagues)

  4. Mules (EA)

  5. British Empire

  6. Spectatorship

  7. Facilities / stadia

  8. Led to professional sport (broken time payments)

  9. Factory teams

  10. Muscular christianity (moral / religion's value in sports)
• Modern society


  • Same rules
  • Media
  • Commercialisation
  • More inclusive
  • Professionalism / status
  • Technology / equipment
  • Grassroots support
• Real tennis


  Upper classes (exclusive), facilities, equipment, rules, Imagering (status), played frequently (free time), skill based
• Lawn tennis


  Middle class, played in their names (also by women)
• Private


  Sport as a private activity
• First Wimbledon championships


  1877
• Females in early sport

  • Lotti Doad in 1887
  • Non-violent
  • Strenuous
• Development of modern sport

  1. LTA formed in 1888

  2. Requires facilities (schools)

  3. Males and females are equal (Wimbledon)
• Pedestrianism


  • Gentlemen amateurs (pedestacan's)
  • Wagering by the upper classes
  • Gentry became patrons
• Development of athletics


  1. Steeple chase (public schools)

  2. Athletics at festivals

  3. AAA in 1880

  4. AAC in 1886 (exclusive - only 'amateurs)

  5. Changed by the AAA
• Much Wenlock games


  • Inspired the modern-day Olympics
• Commercialisation


  • Sport and physical activity becomes a commodity
  • Assets for individuals to profit from
• Athletes


  • Golden triangle: elite sport, media, business
  • All aspects generate profit which is reinvested for improvements
• Amateur


  Traditional approach, gentlemen amateurs, enjoyment, intrinsic value / rewards, limited coaching / training, volunteer driven, public school influence, life code
• Professional


  Modern approach, Lombardian (win) ethic, training/technology advancements (sport science), business, golden triangle
• Traditional female involvement


  • Pre-industrial: smock races
  • Post-industrial: women were domesticated (fragile), sport damaged women, it was 'unladylike'
• Development of women's football


  1. Popular during the war

  2. Banned in 1921

  3. Development of the professional WSL

  4. Defined performance pathway

  5. Increased role models

  6. Challenges stereotypes

  7. Still need equal opportunities (officials/coaches)
• Development of women's tennis

  1. Role of WTA

  2. Equal pay

  3. Women's pro circuit

  4. Role models

  5. Top annual earnings by mid 70s

  6. Good media coverage
• Development of women's athletics

  1. Separate competitions

  2. Some events still aren't available

  3. Diamond league (equal pay)