Philosophy

• Philosophy


  The love of wisdom
• Philosophy


  The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence
• Doing Philosophy


  • Not limited to learning the subject matter and theories of great thinkers
  • Involves developing and demonstrating your own critical understanding of, and interaction with the issues in question
  • Involves unearthing and examining hidden assumptions, detecting conceptual confusions and clarifying them, revealing and resolving contradictions
• Skills involved in Doing Philosophy

  • Interpretation and analysis
  • Critical assessments of arguments, ideas, and presuppositions
  • Fluent application of philosophical concepts, distinctions, and methods in addressing a philosophical problem
  • Creatively developing and pursuing a new approach to puzzling issues
• Philosophy


  Science that by the natural light of reason studies the first causes or highest principles of all things
• Science


  • Follows a System: accepts some doctrines that are treated as authoritative
  • Uses steps and procedure
  • Logical Analysis: Allows one to formulate and evaluate rational arguments
  • Organized body of knowledge: Studies questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language
• Natural Light of Reason

  Uses his natural capacity to think
• Study of all things

  • Studies human beings, society, religion, language, God, and plants
  • Questions almost anything
  • Multidimensional or holistic
• Principle of Identity


  • Whatever is is and whatever is not is not
  • Everything is what it is
  • Everything is its own being and not is not being
• Principle of Non-Contradiction


  It is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time, and in the same respect
• Principle of Excluded Middle


  • A thing is either is or is not
  • Everything must be or not be, no middle ground possible
  • No neutralism
• Principle of Sufficient Reason


  Nothing exists without a sufficient reason for its being and existence
• Attaining wisdom


  • Means emptying
  • Intellectual - simplicity and humility
  • Spiritual - compassion
  • Physical - refrain from misuse of the senses
• Branches of Philosophy


  • Metaphysics
  • Ethics
  • Epistemology
  • Logic
  • Aesthetics
• Metaphysics


  Knows what is real (reality vs appearance)
• Ethics


  Moral virtue (to be happy, self-knowledge, practical knowledge)
• Epistemology


  • Deals with nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge
  • Addresses varied problems (reliability, extent, and kinds of knowledge, truth and language, and science and scientific knowledge)
• Epistemology


  • How we know what we claim to know
  • How we can find out what we wish to know
  • How we can differentiate truth from falsehood
• Deduction


  Rene Descartes, Rationalist, Logic, Law, Methods that reason develops
• Practical Consequences


  William James and John Dewey, Pragmatists, Value in use is the real test of truth and meaning
• Logic


  Reasoning (science and medicine, ethics and law, politics and commerce, sports and games)
• Logician


  Aristotle, Truth exists when the mind's mental representations or ideas correspond with things in the objective world
• Aesthetics


  Criteria of beauty, Creative artists or appreciation
• Importance of Aesthetics
• Elements in many educational reforms

  • Diversity
  • Biology
  • Ethnicity
  • Culture
  • Family Life
  • Beliefs
  • Geography
  • Experiences
  • Religion
  • Western and Non-Western Tradition
• 3 Great Original Centers of Philosophy in the World

  • Greek - Western
  • Indian
  • Chinese
• Greek Triumvirate


  • Socrates
  • Plato
  • Aristotle
• Filipino Thinking: From Local to Global


  Dimensions of Filipino Thought
• Dimensions of Filipino Thought

  • Loob
  • Kagandahang loob
  • Kabutihang loob
  • Bahala na
• Filipino Thought and Values: Positive and Negative Aspects


  • Utang na loob
  • Bayanihan
• Philosophy: Transcending and Aiming for a Life of Abundance


  • Abundance is not what we gather but what we scatter
  • Abundance is not what we keep but what we give away
  • Abundance is not what we hold but what we share
  • Abundance is a choice
• Information Ecosystem


  • Misinformation
  • Disinformation
  • Malinformation
• Misinformation


  False information, no intended harm
• Disinformation


  False information, intended to harm
• Malinformation


  Genuine information, intended to harm (includes leaks, harassment, hate speech)
• Why is fake news created?

  • Poor journalism
  • For profit
  • Political propaganda
  • Hatred or jealousy
  • To promote jealousy
  • To get revenge
  • To harm a business competitor
• Impacts of Fake News


  • Financial impacts or impacts on health
  • Fear
  • Racist ideas
  • Bullying and violence
• How to spot fake news?

  • Consider the source
  • Read beyond
  • Look for supporting sources
  • Check the date
  • Ask the experts
• Fact


  Something that can be verified with evidence
• Opinion


  Based on belief and viewpoint, personal interpretations and cannot be verified with evidence, preceded with terms such as "I think" with adjectives, comparatives, and superlatives such as good, better, and the best