Intellectual revolution is a period where paradigm shifts occurred.
Nicolaus Copernicus (COPERNICAN REVOLUTION)
By the time he finished his doctorate degree, Copernicus had been
appointed as canon at Frombork Cathedral in Poland.
Copernicus’s idea and model of the universe was essentially complete in 1510.
The publication of Copernicus book De revolutionibus orbium
coelestium (On Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres) in 1543 is often cited as the start of the
scientific revolution
Copernicus placed the Sun to be centerpiece of the universe.
2. Charles Darwin (DARWINIAN REVOLUTION)
He is famous for his theory of evolution.
Darwin developed his interest in natural history during his time as a student at Shrewsbury School.
Darwin’s
life soon changed when one of his professors recommended him to join a five-year voyage through the HMS Beagle on the Islands of Galapagos.
Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1589.
Darwin's book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet very controversial.
Sigmund Freud (FREUDIAN REVOLUTION)
He is a famous figure in the field of psychology.
Freud also made a significant contribution in the scientific world through the development of an
important observational method to gather reliable data to study human’s inner life. This method is popularly
known as the method of psychoanalysis.
For Freud, this method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study human mind and neurotic illness.
Information revolution is a period of change that might prove significant to the lives of people.
Computer technology is at the root of this change, and continuing advancements in that technology seem to ensure that this revolution would touch the lives of people.
The history of the evolution of computers begins thousands of years ago with the abacus, the world's oldest known computing device.
First generation (1946-1959) computer systems used vacuum tubes, which were bulky, used a great deal of energy, and were prone to failure.
Second generation (1959-1965) computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Transistors were smaller, more reliable, and used less energy
The third generation (1965-1971) computers—like the IBM/360 series—used integrated circuits.
The 360 introduced the family concept of computers, by which an organization could start with a small computer and then upgrade to larger systems as it grew.
During the fourth generation (1971-1980), the VLSI microcomputer was introduced, signaling a revolution in the computer industry.
The fifth generation (1980-onwards) computer systems was an initiative by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry, to create computers using massively parallel computing and logic programming.
Cradles of Early Science
• Development of Science in Mesoamerica
• Development of Science in Asia
• Development of Science in Middle East
• Development of Science in Africa
Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border of South America.
Mayan Civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000 years.
The Mayans are also known for measuring time using two complicatedcalendar systems.
The Mayans also developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools. They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different communities.
Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a rainbow of glittery paints made from mineral called mica.
One of most scientifically advanced societies in Mesoamerica. They are also famous as one of the world’s first civilizations to use a writing system known as the Mayan hieroglyphics.
Mayans also independently developed the concept of zero and positional value, even before the Romans did.
Inca Civilization is also famous in Mesoamerica. The Incas made advanced scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization.
inca's Contributions
roads paved with stones;
stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters;
irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land;
calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season;
the first suspension bridge;
quipu, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret; and
Inca textilessincecloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements.
Aztec Civilization has also made substantial contributions to science and technology and to the society as a whole.
aztec Contributions
Mandatory Education.
2. Chocolates.
3. Antispasmodic medication. .
4. Chinampa.
5. Aztec calendar.
6. Invention of the canoe.
aztecs used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery.
Chinampa. It is a form as Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canals.
Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season.
Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water systems.
India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern boarders.