Gender and society

• Sex


  The biological aspect of sex; maleness or femaleness
• Gender


  The social interpretation of sex; masculinity, femininity, etc.
• Sexuality


  The totality of our own experience of our sex and gender
• Sex chromosomes


  Chromosomal markers that distinguish females (XX) from male (XY) species
• Intersex


  Individuals with composite genitals (possessing some characteristics of both male and female genitals)
• Hermaphroditism (or intersexuality) is a naturally occurring variation in humans and animals (1 in 1,500 births) according to the American Psychological Association (APA) (2006)
• Heteronormativity


  The phenomenon of determining the normality of a behavior based on whether it conforms or not to the expectations relative to one's biological sex
• Transgender


  People whose gender identity or expression differs from the sex they were assigned at birth
• Heterosexual


  People who are attracted to the opposite sex
• Homosexual


  People who are attracted to people of the same sex
• Bisexual


  People who are attracted to both sexes, male or female
• LGBT


  Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community
• Nature and nurture play a complex role in shaping our sexual orientation. Homosexuality and heterosexuality are part of the human sexuality and is a large part of the human experience.
• Identifying as a heterosexual, lesbian, bi, gay, or transgender is a deeply personal process, so it may be more difficult for others to 'come out' or for them to become comfortable enough with their sexuality that they feel safe to share it with other people.
• People who experience prejudice and discrimination suffer negative psychological effects (APA), so we must work towards an inclusive environment where everyone feels safe.
• ok for books or articles dedicating their discussion on human sexuality
• Sex


  How the latest study material defines sex
• Gender


  How the latest study material defines gender
• Sexuality


  How the latest study material defines sexuality
• The study material is an essay comparing how these materials define sex, gender, and sexuality
• References


  • American Psychological Association (2008)
  • American Psychological Association (2006)
  • Psychological Association of the Philippines (2013)
• Gender studies


  A field of study concerned about how reproductive roles are interpreted and negotiated in the society through gender
• Social research


  The process of investigating social realities
• Research approach


  The orientation in understanding social realities. This can be qualitative (interpretive), quantitative (deductive), or both
• Ethics in research


  Considerations in conducting research to make sure that the well-being of the participants are ensured, and that the outcome of the study is sound without undue harm to people involved
• Gender seems so obvious and so simple, many would ask why we have to study it
• Gender studies as an area of knowledge, is about looking into, analyzing, and examining society so that we notice power relations in the seemingly "simple things"
• Gender studies emerged from the need to analyze how gender, sex, and sexuality impact our lives, especially how it creates gender inequality
• Gender studies came about in the mid 1970's after the second wave of feminism as a way to challenge the male-defined and male-centered knowledge
• Gender role or sex role


  Sets of culturally defined behaviors such as masculinity and femininity
• Gender roles are not fixed such that the "culturally defined behaviors" for men and women may be very different 50 years ago or very different for people from other countries or tribe
• In a binary system of viewing gender roles, we only see the male and the female where men are expected to be masculine while women are expected to be feminine
• Gender roles


  Culturally defined behaviors such as masculinity and femininity
• Gender roles are not fixed, the "culturally defined behaviors" for men and women may be very different 50 years ago or very different for people from other countries or tribe
• Binary system of viewing gender roles

  Only sees the male and the female where men are expected to be masculine while women are expected to be feminine
• Gender studies asks us to disrupt and question these kinds of social expectations, gender roles, and gender norms
• Gender studies is not just for women or all about women, it is about everyone
• Gender studies explores how our gender roles have changed throughout our history and how it created inequalities
• One hundred years ago, women were not allowed to study at universities since their role was only restricted to domestic or the household
• This repressed women's potential in shaping the social and political landscape in the past, but it also placed the burden on the men to provide for the whole family