PR CHAP3

• Research Design: It is your guide to finish your research. This may include answering the 5W’s; What? Why? Who? Where? When?
• Ethnography: Aims to study a particular group of people in their natural settings. This particular study wants to describe and interpret the behavior of different kinds of people, culture, or population.
• Case Study: learn deeper and more specific details of a certain situation, group of people or an individual.
• Phenomenology: the purpose of this approach is to give an idea on how individuals or a group of people react or experience a certain event.
• Historical Approach: a systematic collection and evaluation of information which have occurred in the past.
• Sampling: the process of selecting a sample population from the target population.
• Population: the complete group of people, animals or objects that have the same characteristics that the research needs.
• Sample: a group of individuals that represent the population.
• Non-Probability Sampling: the sample population is selected in a non-systematic process that does not guarantee equal chances for each subject in the target population.
• Probability Sampling: all subjects in the target population have equal chances to be selected in the sample.
• Convenience Sampling: Samples are selected from the population only because they are conveniently available to the researcher.
• Consecutive Sampling: the researcher picks a single person or a group of a sample, analyzes the results, and then moves on to another subject or group if needed.
• Quota Sampling: the researcher select participants based on the specific characteristics, ensuring they represent certain attributes in proportion to their prevalence in the population.
• Purposive Sampling: the researchers select the samples based purely on the researcher's knowledge and credibility.
• Snowball Sampling: Helps researchers find a sample when they are difficult to locate. Researchers use this technique when the sample size is small and not easily available. This sampling system works like the referral program.
• 1-10 subjects are recommended for phenomenology (Creswell, 2013)
• 20-30 individuals for grounded theory (Duke, 1984)
• 4-5 participants for case studies and a single culture-sharing group for ethnography (Charmaz, 2006)
• Data: is all the information that you will gather throughout your research
• Primary Data: refers to first-hand information based on actual experiences or observation. This kind of data is more reliable to use because it is gathered by the actual researchers
• Secondary Data: Data that are gathered from secondary sources, meaning it is not you that have obtained the information rather, it comes from previous research, audio recording or books
• Focus Group: a moderator-led discussion among a group of individuals who share a need, attitude, habit, or life circumstance relevant to the research issue(s) at hand.
• Interview: the most common type of instrument that is being used in qualitative research It is done by having a set of questions to your participants and letting them answer as truthfully as possible.
• In-depth Interview: this is an interview with a single individual, typically lasting from 30 to 90 minutes, depending on the subject matter and context.
• Dyads and Triads: these are in-depth interviews with two or three people.
• Paired Interviews: These are consecutive or interlocking interviews with two people who use and/or decide to purchase a product or service together.
• OBSERVATION: most common used in ethnography. This happens when a researcher observes and takes notes of the behavior of people that they want to be a part of their research.
• Naturalistic Observation: this happen when a researcher observes the behavior of a group of people in their natural setting.
• Participative Observation: this observation happens when a researcher takes part on the activities of the group of people that they are observing.
• Non-naturalistic Observation: this happens when you take your respondents out of their natural environment and put them in an evironment of your choice.
• Questionnaires: This is somewhat similar to interviews based on the format of questions that is being used
• Closed-ended questionnaires: This is mostly used when you want to conduct surveys on your respondents. Mostly for statistical purposes and the questions are already prepared for your respondents to answer.
• Open-ended Questionnaires: This type of questionnaire leaves a blank space for the respondents to give their point of view about a specific question.
• COMBINATION QUESTIONNAIRES: Combines both the close-ended and open-ended questionnaires.