physical

• What makes up composite volcanoes?

  Layers of lava and ash
• What makes up shield volcanoes?

  Layers of only lava
• What type of lava do composite volcanoes produce?

  Andesitic
• What type of lava do shield volcanoes produce?

  Basaltic
• Describe the activity of shield volcanoes

  Effusive, calm
• Describe the activity of composite volcanoes

  Eruptive, violent
• What plate boundaries might you find a shield volcano on?

  Divergent or constructive
• What plate boundaries might you find a composite volcano on?

  Convergent or destructive
• What happens to tectonic plates at constructive boundaries?

  Diverge to form a crack
• What happens to tectonic plates at destructive boundaries?

  Move towards each other until denser oceanic plate subducts
• At which plate boundary won't you find a volcano?

  Conservative
• From where is energy released in an earthquake?

  Focus
• Seismic waves

  Released as energy from the focus in an earthquake
• Which is on the Earth's surface? Focus or epicentre?

  Epicentre
• Which earthquake scale is measured in Roman Numerals?

  Mercalli scale
• Which term describes the sequence of numbers on the Mercalli scale?

  Logarithmic
• Which layer of Earth contains a metal ball?

  Inner core
• Which layer of Earth is thinnest at 5 to 100km?

  Crust
• Which layer of Earth is thickest ta 2900km?

  Mantle
• What is the mantle made of?

  Semi molten rock
• Which tectonic plates are older?

  Continental
• Which tectonic plates are thinner?

  Oceanic
• Which tectonic plates are younger?

  Oceanic
• Which tectonic plates are thicker?

  Continental
• Which tectonic plates are denser?

  Oceanic
• Which tectonic plates are lighter?

  Continental
• How are hotspots formed?

  Hot mass of rising heat under a weakness in a plate
• Factors affecting severity of earthquakes?

  Depth, magnitude, aftershock, geology, economy, location, time
• Environmental effects of earthquakes

  Liquefaction, ground shaking, tsunamis, rockfalls, landslides, dams destroyed, flooding, fires, building collapse
• Social effects of earthquakes

  Unemployment, death, disease, homelessness, food shortages, displacement, damaged water systems, powercuts
• Primary effects of volcanoes

  Livestock death, crop death, suffocation, death, damaged buildings
• Secondary effects of volcanoes

  Unemployment, infrastructure damage, tsunami s, flood ing, lahar s, farmland lost, volcanic winter, soil fertility, economic decline
• What are pyroclastic flows?

  Hot ash, lava, gas moving at speed
• What are volcanic bombs?

  Hot ash thrown out a volcano at speed
• What is ash?

  Tiny fragments of burnt rock blown into atmosphere at force, possibly causing volcanic winter
• Preventing tectonic hazards in LICs

  Cheaper building protection options, lighter roof materials, governments stockpiling, education, foreign aid
• Preventing tectonic hazards in HICs

  Earthquake proof buildings, automatic electricity switches, automatic gas switches, drills
• What makes up lahars?

  Water and ash
• Where does a river start?

  Mouth
• Whats a tributary?

  Smaller river joining a larger one