ap psych unit 4

• Ways in which humans learn

  • Social factors
  • Cognitive factors
• Types of learners

  • Visual learners
  • Hands-on learners
• Classical conditioning


  One way psychologists learned about learning
• Operant conditioning


  One way psychologists learned about learning
• IQ tests


  Meant for biological intelligence
• Definitions of intelligence


  • Score on IQ test
  • Ability to learn from experiences, problem solve, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
• Alfred Binet


  Developed the first IQ test to know who needs help in schools
• Processing speed


  How fast you can receive and process information, and then respond to it
• Spearman's theory of intelligence


  • g = general intelligence
  • Used g for factor analysis as a tool for correlation
• Thurstone's theory of intelligence


  • 7 linked ability clusters
• Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

  • Spatial
  • Bodily-Kinesthetic
  • Intrapersonal
  • Interpersonal
  • Musical
  • Logical-Mathematical
  • Linguistic
  • Naturalistic
• Sternberg's theory of intelligence

  • Practical (street smarts)
  • Analytical (book smarts)
  • Creative (art smarts)
• Components of emotional intelligence

  • Perceiving emotions
  • Understanding emotions
  • Managing emotions
  • Using emotions
• IQ

  Intelligence quotient = (mental age/chronological age) *100
• 100 IQ is the 50th percentile
• Wechsler's IQ test components

  • Verbal comprehension (Wernicke's area)
  • Processing
  • Perceptual organization
  • Working memory
• WAIS


  Wechsler's IQ test for adults
• WISC

  Wechsler's IQ test for children
• Types of test reliability

  • Test-retest
  • Split-half
• Types of test validity

  • Content
  • Predictive
• Aptitude test


  Tests for skills for readiness (e.g. SAT)
• Achievement test


  Tests for what you know (e.g. unit tests in school)
• Terman


  • Used Binet's ideas to test many California residents for finding a norm score
  • Thought intelligence is unchanging
  • Suggested "Kill the weak ones so the population will be smarter!"
• Binet


  • Said "Studying will help!"
• Flynn Effect

  We need to re-standardize the tests or else average scores will get higher because of the increasing knowledge becoming available to everyone and other factors
• Evidence of change and stability in intelligence

  • Cross-Sectional Studies (study different groups at once)
  • Longitudinal Studies (follow a group and track progress)
• Fluid intelligence


  Ability to think quickly, abstractly, and creatively
• Crystallized intelligence


  Solid wisdom, knowledge, and facts
• Classical conditioning


  Link 2 stimuli to anticipate an event with a reaction
• Cognitive learning


  Mentally observe, use language to get information
• Operant conditioning


  Changing behavior choice because of consequences (whether it be a good or bad consequence)
• Associative learning 1


  Learn to associate 1 stimulus with another
• Associative learning 1


  • See lightning, cover ear to avoid thunder sound
• Associative learning 2


  Response paired with a consequence
• Associative learning 2


  • If a seal catches ball, it will get a fish, which will encourage it to do the action again
  • If kids are rewarded for saying please, they will do it more often
• Behaviorism


  • Mental life is less important than BEHAVIOR as psychological foundation
• Ivan Pavlov's experiment


  • Even neutral stimuli (ex: bell) can trigger saliva in dog
• Variables in Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment

  • US - unconditioned stimulus
  • NS - neutral stimulus
  • UR - unconditioned response
  • CS - conditioned stimulus
  • CR - conditioned response
• The NS comes before US, CS and CR come after conditioning, UR/CR are same response, NS/CS are same stimulus
• Higher order conditioning


  Conditioned response to multiple things