ENDOCRINE SYSTEM + RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• Respiratory system


  Contributes to homeostasis by providing for the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the atmospheric air, blood, and tissue cells
• Respiratory system


  Helps adjust the pH of body fluids
• Cells continually use oxygen (O2) for the metabolic reactions that generate ATP from the breakdown of nutrient molecules
• These metabolic reactions release carbon dioxide (CO2) as a waste product
• Excessive CO2 produces acidity that can be toxic to cells, so excess CO2 must be eliminated quickly and efficiently
• Cardiovascular and respiratory systems

  Cooperate to supply O2 and eliminate CO2
• Respiratory system


  Provides for gas exchange - intake of O2 and elimination of CO2
• Cardiovascular system


  Transports blood containing the gases between the lungs and body cells
• Failure of either the cardiovascular or respiratory system disrupts homeostasis by causing rapid death of cells from oxygen starvation and buildup of waste products
• Functions of the respiratory system

  • Gas exchange
  • Regulating blood pH
  • Containing receptors for the sense of smell
  • Filtering inspired air
  • Producing sounds
  • Ridding the body of some water and heat in exhaled air
• There is an extensive area of contact between the external environment and capillary blood vessels in the respiratory system, as in the digestive and urinary systems
• Respiration


  1. Pulmonary ventilation (inhalation and exhalation of air)

  2. External (pulmonary) respiration (exchange of gases between alveoli and blood)

  3. Internal (tissue) respiration (exchange of gases between blood and tissue cells)
• Pulmonary ventilation


  The inhalation (inflow) and exhalation (outflow) of air and involves the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the alveoli of the lungs
• External (pulmonary) respiration


  The exchange of gases between the alveoli of the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries across the respiratory membrane
• Internal (tissue) respiration


  The exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and tissue cells
• Within cells, the metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP are termed cellular respiration
• Components of the Respiratory System

  • Nose
  • Pharynx (throat)
  • Larynx (voice box)
  • Trachea (windpipe)
  • Bronchi
  • Lungs
• Upper respiratory system


  • Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures
• Lower respiratory system


  • Larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
• Functional parts of the respiratory system

  • Conducting zone (nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles - filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs)
  • Respiratory zone (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli - main sites of gas exchange between air and blood)
• The upper respiratory system includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures; the lower respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. FIGURE 23.2 Structures of the respiratory system. Functions of the respiratory system 1. Provides for gas exchange: intake of O2 for delivery to body cells and removal of CO2 produced by body cells. 2. Helps regulate blood pH. 3. Contains receptors for sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces vocal sounds (phonation), and excretes small amounts of water and heat.
• Nose


  A specialized organ at the entrance of the respiratory system that consists of a visible external portion (external nose) and an internal portion inside the skull called the nasal cavity (internal nose)
• External nose


  • Consists of a supporting framework of bone and hyaline cartilage covered with muscle and skin and lined by a mucous membrane
• Bony framework of the external nose

  • Frontal bone
  • Nasal bones
  • Maxillae
• Cartilaginous framework of the external nose

  • Consists of several pieces of hyaline cartilage connected to each other and certain skull bones by fibrous connective tissue
  • Includes the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilages, and alar cartilages
• The cartilaginous framework of the external nose is somewhat flexible because it consists of pliable hyaline cartilage
• External nares (nostrils)


  Two openings on the undersurface of the external nose that lead into cavities called the nasal vestibules
• Functions of the interior structures of the external nose

  • Warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air
  • Detecting olfactory stimuli
  • Modifying speech vibrations as they pass through the large, hollow resonating chambers
• Resonance


  Prolonging, amplifying, or modifying a sound by vibration
• Rhinoplasty (nose job)


  1. Local and general anesthetics given

  2. Instruments inserted through the nostrils

  3. Nasal cartilage reshaped

  4. Nasal bones fractured and repositioned

  5. Internal packing and splint inserted to keep the nose in desired position as it heals
• Rhinoplasty


  A surgical procedure in which the shape of the external nose is altered
• Rhinoplasty is often done for cosmetic reasons, but is sometimes performed to repair a fractured nose or a deviated nasal septum
• Respiratory structures in the head and neck.As air passes through the nose, it is warmed, filtered, and moistened; and olfaction occurs.
• Bony framework: Frontal bone Nasal bones Maxilla
• Cartilaginous framework: cartilaginous and bony frameworks Lateral nasal cartilages Minor alar cartilages Major alar cartilages Dense fibrous connective and adipose tissue Septal nasal cartilage
• Nasal cavity


  Large space in the anterior aspect of the skull that lies inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity; lined with muscle and mucous membrane
• Nasal septum


  • Vertical partition that divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides
  • Anterior portion consists primarily of hyaline cartilage
  • Remainder formed by the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, maxillae, and palatine bones
• Internal nares or choanae

  Openings that allow the nasal cavity to communicate with the pharynx
• Paranasal sinuses


  • Cavities in certain cranial and facial bones lined with mucous membrane that are continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity
  • Serve as resonating chambers for sound as we speak or sing
• Skull bones containing paranasal sinuses

  • Frontal
  • Sphenoid
  • Ethmoid
  • Maxillae