IB HL Psychology

• What is the Social Identity Theory? - Argues that a person has not just one 'personal self', bur rather several social selves that correspond to group membership
• What could possibly influence our behaviour? - When one of our 'social selves' becomes more salient, we tend to side with that version and we come more aware of the facet of that identitiy and change our behaviour
• Why do our identities become more salient at times? - Tend to share more traits and things in common with people/groups depending on the circumstances
• What is Social Categorisation? - Tendency to divide items or people into groups in order to better understand them - In doing so, differences and similairities are exaggerated between and in the groups leading to potential stereotyping
• What can Social Categorisation lead to? - Leads to stereotyping as the differences and similarities are exaggerated more due to the formation of separate groups
• What is Social Identifacation? - Identification with our own group - Has emotional significance as our self-esteem relies on our group membership
• What is Social Comparison? - Due to our group identity being tied with our self-esteem, we compare our group favourably against others, making it the 'In-group
• What is the Study Overview and Aim for Chen et al (2005)? - Investigate the role of Long-term orientation on an individual's buying habits.
• What does SIT suggest? - Individuals categorise themselves into social groups - Could lead to in-group favouritism and out-group discrimination
• How does Chen et al (2005) link to SIT? - People whose Western cultural values were made more salient through priming placed a higher value on immediate consumption than the people whose Eastern cultural values were made salient. -It appears that Confucian Work Dynamism played a role in their online shopping behavior.
• What was the key finding from Chen et al (2005)? -In both cases, the participants listed politicians that were relevant to the culture that they had been primed for. -This indicates that the priming had remained throughout the study and should discount individual differences between the groups.
• What was the Study Overview/ Aim of Tajfel (1970)? - Investigated how even minimal group categorisations can lead to In-group favouritism and out-group discrimination - Seminal study known as the Minimal Group Paradigm
• What is Tajfels (1970) link to SIT? - Showed that people will still tend to favour their in-group and discriminate the out-group no matter how minimal and arbitrary the group categorisations are
• What was the Key Finding in Tajfel (1970)? - Showed the powerful influence of social identity processes on intergroup behaviour - People can favour/discriminated based on the most trivial group disitinctions
• What was the Study Overview/ Aim of Abrams et al (1990)? - Determine if in-group identity would affect one's willingness to conform.
• How did Abrams et al (1990) link to SIT? -The results seem to indicate that social categorization can play a key role in one’s decision to conform publicly.
• What were the Key Findings in Abrams et al (1990)? - Results underscored how the activation of group identity and salience of group memberships can lead to biased perceptions
• What was the Study Overview/ Aim of Sherif et al (1954)? - A classic study known as the Robbers Cave Experiment - Investigates intergroup conflict and cooperation
• What is Sherif et al (1954) link to SIT? - Demonstrated how the categorization of individuals into separate groups, coupled with competition and the development of group identity, can lead to intergroup conflict and bias.
• What were the Key Findings in Sherif et al (1954)? - The boys experienced in-group favouritism and out-group prejudice/discrimination - Shows the development of group norms and identity can lead to hostility and division between groups - Which support the principles of the SIT
• What is Acculturation? - The process by which someones comes into contact with another culture and starts to pick up the cultural norms and behaviour of that culture
• What is Enculturation? - The process of adopting or internalising the schemas of your culture
• What is a cultural norm? - Set of rules based on socially and culturally shared beliefs of how an individual ought to behave to be accepted within that group
• What type of things can cultural norms influence? - Communication, styles, dress codes and social etiquette
• What sort of things can cultural influence? - Perception, attention, memory and problem solving as they affect how individualls respond to stimuli
• What does an individualistic society/ person focus on? - Reaching personal goals
• What does a collectivist society/person focus on? - Group harmony and interdependence
• What was the Aim of Kulkofsky et al (2011)? - To investigate the role of culture on flashbulb memory
• What was the Procedure of Kulkofsky et al (2011)? Recall Task: Participants remembered public events from their lifetime, at least a year old, within five minutes. Questionnaire: Developed from recalled events, including details of where, when, how, and with whom they were learned. Personal Importance: Participants rated events for personal importance, surprise, and frequency of discussion
• State some details about the sample from Kulkofsky et al (2011) -274 'middle-class' adults from 5 different countries ( China, Germany , Turkey, the UK and the USA)
• What were the results from Kulkofsky et al (2011)? -The researchers found that in a collectivistic culture like China, personal importance and intensity of emotion played less of a role in predicting FBM, -Compared with more individualistic cultures that place greater emphasis on an individual's personal involvement and emotional experiences.
• What can we conclude from Kulkofsky et al (2011)? -National importance was equally linked to FBM formation across cultures
• How does Kulkofsky et al show that culture impacts cognition? - China (collectivist culture) = less rehearsal of triggering events - Uk (individualistic) = greater emphasis on emotion and personal experience so higher chance of developing FBM
• What is the difference between ETIC and EMIC approach? Emic - investigating that culture from an insides perspective of the people that live that culture Etic - Investigating culture from an outside perspective
• What does Etic approaches focus on? - Observing the culture
• What is ethnocentrism? - Attitude/ idea that one owns group / culture/ nationality is superior to anothers
• Aim for Roger and Franz (1961) - To asses the attitudes of white European settlers towards Africans based on how long they have been in an African Community
• What was the sample like for Roger and Franz (1961) ? 500 White Europeans aged 20+ Living in the South Rhodesia between 5 - 40years
• What was the procedure for Roger and Frantz (1961)? - Survey containg 66 examples of law and customs in which White Europeans and Africans were treated differently - They then were given a Likert scale (0-6) to rate these examples - 0 being it is very important to maintain the status quo , 6 being it is very important to discontinue the law
• What was the Findings for Roger and Frantz (1961)? - Mean score of the sample wass 2.45 meaning the majoirt of Europeans in Southern Rhodesia favoured the retention of the status quo - 348/500 (almost 70%) fell below a mean score of 3.00