scoi 2

• DNA


  Contains the nucleus which contains 23 pairs of chromosomes, and these chromosomes contain DNA, which contains genes, which store genetic information or the code needed for the formation of specific proteins
• There are 23 pairs of chromosomes or a total of 46 chromosomes
• Chromosome


  Condensed and organized forms of DNA
• Nucleic acids


  Stores genetic information
• Gene


  Refers to a specific sequence of nitrogenous bases that codes for a specific protein
• Synthesis of a molecule


  Important for various functions of the body
• Types of Nucleic acids

  • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
  • Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• Nucleotide


  Made up of a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
• Nitrogenous Bases (DNA)


  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine
• Nitrogenous Bases (RNA)


  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Uracil
• Pyrimidines


  Single-ringed (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil)
• Purines


  Double-ringed (Guanine, Adenine)
• DNA


  Sugar: Deoxyribose, Strand: Double-stranded, Nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine, Location: Mostly in the nucleus but may also be found in cytoplasm, mitochondria and chloroplast, Function: Blueprint of biological guidelines that living organisms must follow to exist and function properly
• RNA


  Sugar: Ribose, Strand: Single-stranded, Nitrogenous: Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine, Location: Mostly in the cytoplasm but may also be in the nucleus, Function: Assists in carrying out DNA's blueprint guidelines
• guanine


  cytosine
• uracil


  adenine
• thymine


  adenine
• DNA extraction is essential because we could identify the real problem and address the issue
• Band aid solution: Fixing a problem without addressing its causes or providing a long term solution
• Transcription


  1. The copying of a gene (a section of DNA) to make mRNA

  2. DNA must unzip

  3. Only one strand from the DNA is used for transcription

  4. RNA polymerase: enzyme used to add new RNA nucleotides to make mRNA

  5. mRNA: The messenger that carries the information needed to make your protein

  6. It leaves the nucleus to go to the site of protein synthesis which is the ribosome

  7. Serves as the instructions for making proteins at the ribosome

  8. Patterned with DNA
• Translation


  1. The making of a protein using the codons on mRNA as instructions

  2. tRNA: brings amino acids to the ribosome in the correct order

  3. Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds to make a polypeptide (protein)

  4. The order of the amino acids in the chain and the length, determines what kind of protein will be made
• Ribosome


  Where protein is made, where translation occurs
• DNA zips back up until it is necessary to transcribe the gene again once transcription is done
• Codon: Triplet of nitrogen bases on mRNA, uses one specific amino acid, located on the mRNA
• Anticodon: three nitrogenous bases located on the strand of tRNA
• Summary of Transcription and Translation


  • Transcription: Location - Nucleus, Type of RNA involved - mRNA, Output - mRNA
  • Translation: Location - Ribosome, Type of RNA involved - mRNA and tRNA, Output - Protein
• Mutation


  Changes in the structure of genes that affects its inheritable nucleotide sequence
• Types of mutation


  • Substitution
  • Deletion
  • Insertion
• Substitution


  • Sickle cell anemia
• Deletion


  • Cystic Fibrosis
• Insertion


  • Huntington's disease
• Evolution


  A change in the heritable characteristics of a population over succeeding generations
• Lamarck's Theory of Use and Disuse


  If a body structure is utilized often, it is mostly to be developed, however, if a body structure is not used often or less, it will disappear
• Lamarck's Theory of Acquired Characteristics


  The characteristics that a species acquired during its lifetime can be passed onto its offspring
• Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection

  The adaptive traits are the ones that can perpetuate and pass on the trait from one generation to another
• Pieces of evidence that support the occurrence of evolution

  • Fossil Evidences
  • Embryological Evidence
  • Comparative Anatomy
  • Vestigial Structure
• Variation is important because if a species only has one variation, that species will be at risk of death and extinction
• Ecosystem


  Consists of species and the environment (place)
• Community


  Consists of different species
• Population


  Measures a specific set of species