CHEMISTRY REVIEWER

• Thermodynamics- It is the branch of physical chemistry that deals with the relationships and conversions between heat and other forms of energy.
• First Law of Thermodynamics- Also known as the law of conservation of energy, it states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted from one form to another.
• Endothermic Reaction- A chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its surroundings, resulting in a decrease in temperature.
• Exothermic Reaction- A chemical reaction that releases heat to its surroundings, resulting in an increase in temperature.
• Enthalpy- A measure of the total heat content of a system, symbolized as H.
• Heat Energy- The energy transferred between objects due to a temperature difference, typically measured in joules (J) or calories (cal).
• Calorimetry- The science of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes.
• Hess's Law- It states that the total enthalpy change for a reaction is the same, regardless of whether the reaction occurs in one step or in a series of steps.
• Chemical Kinetics- The study of the rates of chemical reactions and the factors that affect them.
• Collision Theory- It explains how chemical reactions occur and why reaction rates differ for different reactions.
• Catalyst- A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
• Positive catalyst- A substance that facilitates chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier.
• Negative catalyst- A substance that hinders reactions by raising the activation energy barrier.
• Rate Law- An equation that relates the rate of a chemical reaction to the concentrations of reactants.
• Spontaneous Process- A process that occurs naturally without the need for external intervention.
• Nonspontaneous Process- A process that does not occur naturally and requires external intervention to proceed.
• Entropy- A measure of the disorder or randomness of a system.
• Second Law of Thermodynamics- It states that the entropy of the universe tends to increase over time.
• Chemical Equilibrium- A state in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products.
• Le Chatelier's Principle- It states that if a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in temperature, pressure, or concentration, the system will shift its position to counteract the change and restore equilibrium.