Final Exam Practice

• Enzyme


  Catalyzes chemical reactions
• Amino acids


  Building blocks of proteins
• Atomic mass


  Mass of an atom
• Nucleic acid


  DNA and RNA
• ATP


  Energy currency of the cell
• Fatty acids


  Building blocks of lipids
• Codon


  Three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid
• Electron Transport Chain


  Series of proteins that transfer electrons to produce ATP
• Photosystem I & II

  Protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane that capture light energy
• Calvin Cycle


  Light-independent reactions of photosynthesis that convert CO2 to organic compounds
• C4 plants


  Plants that have an additional carbon fixation pathway to concentrate CO2 for the Calvin Cycle
• Catabolic & anabolic pathways

  Pathways that break down and build up molecules, respectively
• Substrate-level phosphorylation


  Process of directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP to produce ATP
• Oxidative phosphorylation


  Process of producing ATP using the energy released by the electron transport chain
• Glycolysis


  Metabolic pathway that converts glucose to pyruvate and produces some ATP
• Stomata

  Pores in the leaves of plants that allow gas exchange
• Amylase


  Enzyme that breaks down starch
• Autonomic nervous system

  Controls involuntary bodily functions
• Substrate


  Molecule that an enzyme acts upon
• Nephron


  Functional unit of the kidney
• Neurotransmitters


  Chemicals released at synapses to transmit signals
• Neurotransmitters


  • Examples: [at least 3]
• White matter


  Myelinated nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord
• Myelin sheath


  Insulating layer around nerve fibers
• Negative feedback


  Mechanism where the output of a system inhibits its own production
• Negative feedback


  • Example: [specific example]
• Positive feedback


  Mechanism where the output of a system stimulates its own production
• Positive feedback


  • Example: [specific example]
• Effector-receptor response


  Process where a stimulus is detected by a receptor and triggers a response
• Lobes of the brain


  Distinct regions of the cerebral cortex
• Endocrine signal


  Chemical messenger released by endocrine glands
• Tropic hormones


  Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
• Action potential


  Electrical signal transmitted along a neuron
• Synapse


  Junction between two neurons where signals are transmitted
• Batesian mimicry


  Resemblance of a harmless species to a harmful one
• Transgenic organism


  Organism with DNA from another species
• The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The nitrogenous bases in RNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
• ATP production in Kreb cycle

  1. Uses ATP

  2. Produces ATP
• ATP production in Glycolysis

  1. Uses ATP

  2. Produces ATP
• ATP production in Electron Transport Chain

  Produces ATP