UCSP 4TH QUARTER (MASTERY)

• Political and Leadership Structures

  • Bands
  • Tribes
  • Chiefdoms
  • State and Nations
• Bands

  • Small groups
  • Least complicated
  • Nomadic societies
  • No need for formal political societies
  • Decisions made with participation of adult members
• Tribes


  • Consist of small, autonomous local communities, forms alliances
  • Crop cultivation based economy
  • Population densities exceed 1 person per square mile
  • Leadership is informal
• Chiefdoms


  • Chief is the head of a ranked hierarchy
  • Chief's authority serves to unite his people in all affairs and at all times
  • Highly unstable
• State

  • Most formal political organization, power is centralized to government
• Nation


  • People who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history
• Knowledge Generation


  Knowledge produced in educational institutions is equally valuable to all members of society
• Informal Education


  Acquires attitudes, skills, values, and knowledge through everyday experiences
• Education


  Refers to the organized transmission of a culture's knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another
• Authority


  Right to command, power to give orders & enforce rules
• Legitimacy


  Value whereby something is acknowledged as acceptable
• Types of Legitimacy

  • Traditional Legitimacy
  • Charismatic Legitimacy
  • Rational Legal-Legitimacy
• Reciprocity

  • Chain of receiving, repaying of goods & services
  • Non-market exchange of goods
• Transfers

  • Transfer payment
  • Redistribution of income or wealth in the market system
• Redistribution


  System of economic exchange involving centralized collection of goods
• Market Transactions


  • Purchases
  • Loans
  • Mortgage
• Market Structure

  • Perfect Competition
  • Monopoly
  • Oligopoly
  • Monopolistic
• The State


  • Institution consisting rules for governance
  • Organization for monopolizing its coercive power
  • Enforces consumption of resources through measures (taxation, military power, etc)
• Economic Systems

  • Capitalism
  • Socialism
  • Welfare State
• International Organizations


  • Organization with an international membership, scope, or presence
  • Established by a treaty or other instrument governed by international law and possessing its own international legal personality
• Types of Cooperatives

  • Credit Cooperative
  • Consumer Cooperative
  • Producers Cooperative
  • Marketing Cooperative
  • Multi-Purpose Cooperative
• Goals and Functions of Education

  • Cultural Transmission
  • Selection and allocation to adult positions
  • Knowledge Generation
  • Political and Social Integration
  • Selecting Talent
  • Teaching skills
  • Innovation
• Effects of Schooling on Individuals

  • Knowledge and attitude
  • Getting a job
  • Education and income
  • Education and mobility
• Types of Banks


  • Commercial/Retail Banks
  • Investment Banks
• • Traditional Legitimacy


  governing power must continue to rule, found in monarchy and tribalism
• • Charismatic Legitimacy


  springs from personal charisma
• • Rational Legall-Litimacy 


  derives from institutional processes, in accordance to public interest
• ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS


  system society develops to satisfy needs and wants. Is rooted in the problem of scarcity
• Market Transactions


  where sellers & consumers transact
• Loans


  advanced money with an interest change
• Mortgage


  types of loan to make homeownership attainable
• Market and State


  relationship among economic units in the market structure
• Perfect Competition


  market system characterized by many different buyers and sellers (e.g. coffee, brown sugar)
• Monopoly


  opposite of market system as perfect competition, only one producer of a particular good or service, and generally no reasonable substitute (e.g. google, facebook, amazon)
• Oligopoly


  similar in many ways to a monopoly. rather than having only one producer of a good and service, there are a handful of producers.
• Monopolistic


  market system combining elements of a monopoly and a perfect competition
• Capitalism


  private ownership means of production
• Socialism


  state controls means of production
• Welfare State


  general welfare of the citizen