Diastrophism

• Diastrophism


  Large scale movement causing deformation of earth's surface
• Continental drift theory


  Theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 that there was once a supercontinent called Pangaea which started to break up and form smaller masses
• Alfred Wegener was a German geologist
• Plate tectonic theory


  Theory that the lithosphere is broken into plates that move on the asthenosphere (molten upper mantle)
• Asthenosphere


  • Molten upper mantle
• Plate tectonic theory


  Oceanic and continental crust interact to form ridges, rifts, trenches, and mountains
• Major tectonic plates

  • North American
  • South American
  • Eurasian
  • Pacific
  • African
  • Indo-Australian
  • Antarctic
• Plate boundaries


  Where plates meet
• Types of plate boundaries

  • Divergent/spreading
  • Convergent/colliding
  • Transform fault
• Stress


  A force that can compress, pull apart, and deform a rock
• Types of stress

  • Compression
  • Tension
  • Shear
• Folding


  Bending of rock without breakage
• Types of folds

  • Monocline
  • Anticline
  • Syncline
• Fault


  A fracture in the earth's crust
• Main groups of faults

  • Normal
  • Thrust (reverse)
  • Strike-slip
• Hanging wall


  Rock above the fault
• Footwall

  Rock below the fault
• Diastrophism

  Large scale movement causing deformation of earth surface
• Continental drift theory


  Theory proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912 that there was once a supercontinent called Pangaea which started to break up and form smaller masses
• Alfred Wegener was a German geologist
• Plate tectonic theory

  • The lithosphere is broken into plates that move on the asthenosphere
  • Oceanic and continental crust interact to form ridges, rifts, trenches, and mountains
• Major tectonic plates

  • North American plate
  • South American plate
  • Eurasian plate
  • Pacific plate
  • African plate
  • Indo-Australian plate
  • Antarctic plate
• Plate boundaries

  Where plates meet
• Types of plate boundaries

  • Divergent/spreading (move away from each other)
  • Convergent/colliding (two plates bump each other, creating volcanoes and trenches)
  • Transform fault (two plates rub/slip horizontally)
• Stress


  A force that can compress, pull apart, and deform a rock
• Types of stress

  • Compression (squeezes rock causing folding)
  • Tension (stretches causing lengthening/breaking apart)
  • Shear (slippage and translation)
• Folding


  Bending of rock without breakage
• Types of folds

  • Monocline (one-sided slight bend)
  • Anticline (symmetrical arch-shaped fold)
  • Syncline (rock below pushed up into V or U shape)
• Fault


  Fracture in the earth's crust
• Types of faults

  • Normal (pulling/tension moves rock up and down)
  • Thrust/reverse (squeezing/compression)
  • Strike-slip (shearing horizontal movement)
• Hanging wall


  Rock above the fault
• Footwall


  Rock below the fault