THE MUSCULOSKELETAL

• Articular structures


  • Joint capsule
  • Articular cartilage
• Extra articular structures


  • Periarticular ligaments
  • Tendons
  • Bursae
  • Muscle fascia
  • Bone
  • Overlying skin
• Synovium


  Membrane in the joint that produces fluid to lubricate the joint and supply
• Ligaments


  Rope like boundless of collagen fibrils that connect to bone
• Tendons


  Collagen fibers connecting muscle to bone
• Cartilage


  Another form of collagen, overlies the articular surfaces of the bone ends
• Bursae


  Pouches of synovial fluid that cushion the movement of tendons and ligaments, allow muscle or tendons to glide over each other
• Synovial joints


  Do not touch each other, and the joint articulation is freely movable
• Synovial joints


  • Bone ends are covered by articular cartilage and separated by synovial cavity
• Synovial fluid


  Viscous lubricating fluid
• Fibrous joint capsule


  Surrounding the synovial membrane
• Cartilaginous joints


  Those between vertebrae and the symphysis pubis, and slightly movable
• Fibrous joint


  Such as sutures and no appreciable movement
• Spheroidal joint


  • Have ball and socket, convex surface in concave cavity, wide ranging flexion extension (shoulder and hip)
• Hinge joint


  • Flat, planar, slightly curved, motion in one plane (interphalangeal joints)
• Condylar joint


  • Convex or concave articulating surface, movement of two articulating surfaces (convex and concave)
• Joint pain is the leading complaint of patients seeking health care
• Myalgias


  Generalized aches and pain that occurs in muscle
• Monoarticular arthritis


  Pain in one joint
• Rheumatic fever


  Where the migratory pattern of joint pain occurs
• Rheumatoid arthritis


  Progressive and symmetric joint involvement
• Bursitis


  Inflammation in bursae
• Tendinitis


  Inflammation of the tendons
• Tenosynovitis


  Inflammation in the tendon sheaths
• Sprain


  Tearing or stretching of the ligaments
• Mechanical low back pain


  Aching pain in the lumbosacral area
• Sciatica


  Shooting pain below the knee (radicular low back pain)
• Chronic back stiffness


  Strained muscle in the lumbar space
• Pain referred from the abdomen or pelvis


  Usually a deep aching pain, physical movements are not painful
• Mechanical neck pain


  Aching pain in the cervical paraspinal muscle
• Whiplash


  Aching para cervical pain and stiffness
• Cervical radiculopathy


  Sharp burning or tingling pain in the neck
• Cervical myelopathy


  Neck pain with bilateral weakness
• Goniometer


  Measuring tools used to measure angles of movement in range of motion
• Fibrosis


  The development of fibrous connective tissue
• Ankylosis


  Bony fixation
• Muscle atrophy


  Weakness occurs in rheumatoid arthritis
• Arthritis


  Tenderness and warmth over a thickened synovium
• Gouty arthritis


  Redness over a tender joint suggest
• Hypertrophy


  Increase in bulk with proportionate strength