Module 4

• Enculturation/Socialization is the process by which a human being beginning at infancy acquires personal identity and learns the norms, values, behavior, habits, beliefs, social skills and accumulated knowledge of society through education and training for adult status appropriate to his or her social position.
• Charles Horton Coley propose the Looking Glass Self Theory which states that a person’s sense of one’s self is actually derived from the perception of others as we perceive ourselves on how other people think of us.
• George Herbert Mead propose the Role taking Theory wherein the development of social awareness is traced to our early social interaction.
• Agents of Socialization

  1. Family
  2. School
  3. Peers
  4. Mass Media
  5. Workplace
• (Agent of socialization) The family have a major impact on us. They lay down our basic sense of self, forming our initial motivations, values, and beliefs.
• (Agent of socialization) The school is a primary agent of socialization. Schools were able to contribute to one’s self development by exposing us to people who are not our relatives nor our family thus exposing us to new attitudes, values, and ways of looking at the world.
• (Agent of socialization) The peers (peer group) can ease the transition from adolescence to adult responsibilities for it offer young people an identity that supports some independence from their families.
• (Agent of socialization) Mass media has become the prime source of information about the world thus enabling us to view wide range of role models and occupations.
• (Agent of socialization) The workplace allows us to learn to behave properly within an occupation, at the same time, indicates that one has passed out adolescence stage.
• Conformity is the act of exhibiting the same as the behavior of most other people in a society, group, etc.
• Deviance is the recognized violation of cultural norms.
• Social Control refers to the set of means to ensure that people generally behave in expected and approved ways
• Types of Social Control:

  • Internal Social Control refers to the socialization process that developed within the individual as we do things when we know it is the right thing to do
  • External Social Control refers to social sanctions or the system of rewards and punishments designated to encourage desired behavior
• Forms of Deviance:

  1. Innovation
  2. Ritualism
  3. Retreatism
  4. Rebellion
• Cultural Identity is one's feeling of identity or affiliation with a group or culture.
• National identity is an ethical and philosophical concept whereby all humans are divided into groups called nations
• Values are culturally defined standard behaviour that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful
• Norms are rules that guide the behaviour of a society or group

  • Proscriptive norms state what we should not do
  • Prescriptive norms state what we should do
• (Form of Deviance) Innovation is rejecting the use of socially accepted means to achieve success. e.g.) theft, burglary, embezzlement
• (Form of Deviance) Ritualism is rejecting the importance of success goals but continuing to toil as conscientious and diligent workers

  e.g.) a teacher goes to class without any concern for their students.
• (Form of Deviance) Retreatism is withdrawal from society, not caring about success

  e.g.) alcoholics, drug addicts, gambling
• (Form of Deviance) Rebellion is an attempt to change the goals and means of society

  e.g.) terrorists
• Human dignity is the basis of fundamental human rights; the heart of human identity
• Human rights are inherent to all human beings. It is not a privilege, but it can be taken away.
• Common good refers to the public interest; "the good of the majority"
• Stage of Development of the Self

  1. Imitation
  2. Play
  3. Game
  4. Generalized Others