evo bio quizzes

• Phylogenies of the leaf-cutter ants and their co-evolving fungi are a perfect match, describing...

  Congruent phylogenies
• Congruent phylogenies 


  Refer to the consistency or similarity in the evolutionary relationships or branching patterns depicted in different phylogenetic trees.

  When two or more phylogenetic trees are considered congruent, it means that the patterns of relationships and branching points among the species or taxa in those trees are in agreement.
• Congruent evolution 


  Refers to the occurrence of similar or parallel evolutionary changes in different lineages or species due to similar selective pressures or environmental conditions.
• Incongruent phylogenies 


  Refer to the lack of consistency or agreement in the evolutionary relationships depicted in different phylogenetic trees.

  • It means that the patterns of relationships and branching points among the species or taxa in those trees do not match or align.
• what describes a system where several species evolve reciprocally?

  Diffuse coevolution
• Diffuse coevolution 


  Refers to a complex and interconnected pattern of reciprocal evolutionary changes involving MULTIPLE species within an ecological community.
• Pairwise coevolution


  Involves a more focused and specific interaction between TWO closely associated species, where reciprocal evolutionary changes occur between these two species.
• Which may be the most important factor in an organism’s genome size?

  Nucleus size
• What is a hypothesis that organisms must constantly evolve and adapt?

  Red Queen hypothesis
• Twofold cost of reproduction


  Refers to the idea that there is a biological cost associated with reproduction.

  This cost arises from the fact that resources allocated to reproduction, such as energy, nutrients, and time, cannot be used for other essential functions like growth, maintenance, or defense.
• What hypotheses concludes that mutations can easily accumulate in asexually reproducing organisms?

  Mueller’s ratchet
• Mueller’s ratchet


  Describes the irreversible accumulation of deleterious mutations in asexual populations over time.

  The term "ratchet" signifies the mechanism by which these harmful mutations become locked in the population, leading to a downward spiral of genetic quality.
• Fisher-Muller hypothesis


  Proposes a mechanism to explain the evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction.

  This hypothesis suggests that sexual reproduction allows populations to overcome the negative effects of Muller's ratchet, ultimately leading to enhanced adaptation and genetic diversity.
• What a form of asexual reproduction by mitosis-like cell division (2N)?

  Apomixis
• costs of sexual reproduction

  Transfer of parasites and diseases

  Breaking up favorable gene combinations

  Reduced population growth (twofold cost)
• What refers to gametes that are different sizes, which results in different levels of investment by different sexes?

  Anisogamy
• What is a hypothesis that organisms must constantly evolve and adapt?

  Red Queen Hypothesis
• What hypotheses concludes that sex accelerates adaptive evolution?

  Fisher-Muller hypothesis
• What is a hypothesis of the origin of life saying that it was brought to earth by somewhere else in the universe

  Panspermia
• what is not a constituent in the early “primordial soup” of our planet that may have led to the origin of life?

  Carbohydrates  
• Phylogenies of the leaf-cutter ants and their co-evolving fungi are a perfect match, describing which of the following?

  Convergent evolution ???
• Which of the following describes a system where two species evolve reciprocally?

  Pairwise coevolution
• what is a result of the nucleus becoming enclosed by an infolding of the plasma membrane and the development of the symbiosis of a cell with a protobacteria?

  Eucaryotic cells
• Congruent evolution: the independent evolution of similar traits in related species due to shared ancestry 


  Convergent evolution: the development of similar traits in unrelated species due to environmental pressure
• There are several different types of molecules that are believed to have been present in this primordial soup, including:


  - Amino acids: the building blocks of proteins

  - Nucleotides: the building blocks of DNA and RNA

  - Lipids: fatty molecules that can form membranes