2 PROJECT PLANNING

• Program


  A series of coordinated related multiple projects that over extended time intended to achieve a goal
• Project


  Has an established and specific objective, has a defined life span with a beginning and an end, usually involves several departments and professionals, has specific time, cost performance requirements
• Types of Needs

  • Felt Needs (Feeling that something is needed)
  • Expressed Needs (Taking action to get what is needed)
  • Comparative Needs (Comparing to what others have received)
• Major Steps in Planning, Sustaining, and Evaluating a Health Promotion Project

  1. Identify the issues or health problems in the community

  2. Prioritize the issues or health problems to identify the one that the project will address

  3. Identify risk factors and set the goal for the project

  4. Determine contributing factors and state objectives for the project

  5. Determine what strategies will be

  6. Develop the action plan for the project

  7. Sustain the project (or some parts of it) going

  8. Evaluate the project
• Needs Assessment


  A process of collecting information that will give a good indication of the priority needs of a community
• Needs Assessment

  • Provides an opportunity for the community to become involved in the planning from the beginning
  • Helps with allocating resources and making decisions about where to start with health promotion work
• Types of Needs (Needs Assessment)

  • Normative Needs
  • Felt Needs
  • Expressed Needs
  • Comparative Needs
• Baseline Data


  Data that describes the situation or condition at the time the project or intervention starts, used to compare against later evaluation data
• Method of Health Problem Analysis

  1. Qualitative Method (Analysis through focus group discussion)

  2. Quantitative Method (Construct problem tree, provide evidence-based estimates)
• Methods to Analyze Causes


  • Ishikawa Diagram (Fishbone Diagram)
  • Vector Diagram
  • Cause and Effect Tree
  • The Problem Tree
• Risk Factors


  Any aspect of behavior, society or the environment that are directly linked to the health problem, can be modifiable or non-modifiable
• Contributing Factors


  Any aspects of behavior, society or the environment that leads to the risk factors developing, can relate to individual, financial, political, educational, environmental, or other issues
• Goal


  About making changes to the risk factors addressed by the project, indicates the planned, longer term outcome
• Objectives


  State what changes the project will make to the contributing factors, indicate the impact on contributing factors during the project timeframe
• Relationship between Goal, Objectives and Strategies

  The process begins with analyzing the big picture issue, which provides the framework for developing the plan - from the goal, to the objectives, to the strategies
• Objectives

  • State what changes the project will make to the contributing factors
  • Indicate what the impact will be on the contributing factors during the time frame of the project
  • About what has to change in the short term to get closer to achieving the project goal
• A well written 'goal and objectives' state who will achieve how much of what by when. Developing a clear, achievable goal and objectives requires good baseline data.
• Step 5: Determine what strategies will be

  1. Strategies describe what it is that the project team will do to try and make the changes required to achieve the objectives

  2. The process for planning a project begins with the big picture (issue of problem). It is an analysis of the big picture issue that gives the framework for developing the plan- from the longer term goal, to more specific objectives, down to the actual strategies, and finally the detail of individual actions.
• Step 6: Develop the action plan


  1. The action plan includes all the specific activities, large and small, that will need to be done to implement each of these activities, when they will be completed and how they will be evaluated

  2. The more detail that is worked out for strategies, the easier it will be to accurately identify all the activities to be done

  3. If the project is large, with many stages, it may not be possible to detail all the specific activities at the beginning of the project

  4. Detailed documentation is also important for maintaining accountability within the team and between the team and the community or funding agency

  5. The action plan will also list the resources required to do the project successfully. Resources can include human resources, financial resources, materials, equipment and venues.
• Step 7: Sustain the project

  1. Planning for sustainability means thinking of ways to keep the project (or important parts of it) going after its official end. It then becomes an ongoing part of community activity

  2. Many factors can threaten sustainability of the project. Project teams need to be on the lookout for these factors and have a plan for dealing with them. Sustainability needs to be considered from the initial planning stages of a project.
• Step 8: Evaluate the project

  1. Evaluating a project is about looking critically at what is happening in the project and making a judgment about its value, worth or benefit

  2. Evaluation can tell us how the project is going, what effect it is having, and what changes we need to make to improve it
• Priority Decision Matrix

  The Henlon Method for Prioritizing Health Problems from the APEXPH Manual
• A. Rate the size of the health problems

  1. Give each health problem a numerical rating on a scale of 0 through 10 that reflects the percentage of the local population affected by the particular health problem

  2. The higher the percentage affected, the larger the numerical rating
• Seriousness Rating

  • The more serious the health problem, the higher the number (0-10)
  • In the final calculation, the Seriousness Rating will be multiplied by a factor of 2
• C. Rate the health problem for the effectiveness of available interventions

  1. Assess each intervention relative to upper and lower limits of effectiveness

  2. Enter the "Effectiveness" Rating (0-10) based on how effective the available interventions are in preventing the health problem
• PEARL Test

  • Propriety
  • Economics
  • Acceptability
  • Resources
  • Legality
• Calculate priority scores for the health problems

  Use the formula: D = (A+2B) C, where A=Size, B=Seriousness, C=Effectiveness of Interventions
• Assign ranks to the health problems

  1. Assign a priority rank (1, 2, 3, etc.) based on the size of the priority scores, with the highest score getting rank 1

  2. Health problems with the same priority score should be given the same priority rank