Chem Exam - L4

• Applied Genetics is a field that uses genetic principles to solve real-world problems in fields like agriculture, medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science, utilizing genetic information and techniques.
• Selective breeding is a process in which humans selectively breeds offspring with desirable traits, such as dogs for specific tasks or fruit bred for sweetness.
• Inbreeding is a process of breeding or crossing genetically related parents over many generations. Closely related individuals such as siblings are selected for inbreeding.
• In a small population, matings between relatives are common. This inbreeding may lower the population’s ability to survive and reproduce, it is a phenomenon called inbreeding depression
•  Outbreeding is mating between very distantly related individuals.
• Test Cross is performed to determine the genotype of an unidentified dominant individual.
• Hybridization - it is the intentional mating of two distinct individuals from one another or other species to induce changes in the organisms. e.g horse + mule = donkey
• Genotype is an organism's genetic information
• Phenotype is the set of observable physical traits
• Inserting a short DNA segment into a different species results in Recombinant DNA
• 3 STEPS TO MAKE A TRANSGENIC ORGANISM

  ISOLATION OF FOREIGN DNA:

  • a specific restriction enzyme is used to cut the required fragment of DNA

  ATTACH DNA FRAGMENT TO A VECTOR: - for transportation into the host. Vectors maybe plasmids, viruses, tiny metal bullets, micropipettes. (Gene splicing in plasmids.)

  TRANSFER OF VECTOR INTO HOST ORGANISM: - creating a transgenic organism. A transgenic organism reproduces a copy of the recombinant DNA, when it divides, and can use that gene as it was used by the original organism
• APPLICATIONS OF DNA TECHNOLOGY

  • INDUSTRY
  • MEDICINE
  • AGRICULTURE
• TRANSGENIC BACTERIA

  INDUSTRIAL USE

  Breaking down pollutants to harmless products.

  MEDICINAL USE

  Production of hormones: growth hormone, insulin.

  AGRICULTURAL USE

  Reduction of frost damage to plants.
• Cloning is a type of genetic engineering that produces identical duplicates of an organism from a single cell, which has been utilized for reforestation in trees and, more recently, in animal
• Gregor Mendel's research in 1865 marked the beginning of genetics as a scientific field.
• Genetic illnesses arise from mutations or insufficient genetic material, affecting genes, which are DNA-based instructions for cell activity and distinguishing features.
• Single-gene or monogenic - This set of disorders result from a single gene mutation.
• Complex or multifactorial - These illnesses result from a mix of gene mutations and other causes.
• Chromosomal - This type affects the structures that house your genes/DNA within each cell.
• Causes of genetic disorders

  • Chemical Exposure
  • Radiation Exposure
  • Smoking
  • UV Exposure from the sun