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Biology
Paper 2
Inheritance,Variation and Evolution
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Belinda Bangura
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
, the chemical that all of our
genetic
material is made of
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DNA
It's a
polymer
made up of lots of similar
units
stuck together
It has
two
strands which are stuck together to form a
double helix
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If you unraveled all the DNA in a single cell, the strand would be over
two
meters long</b>
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Chromosome
A really
tight
coil of
DNA
, there are 46 chromosomes in each of our cells
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There are only
23
different types of chromosomes, as we have
two
of each type, one from each parent
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Sex chromosomes
The
23rd
pair of chromosomes, women have two
X
chromosomes, men have one X and one Y
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Chromosomes
only look like an
X
shape just before cell division, usually they look more like long strands
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Gene
A small section of
DNA
that codes for a particular type of
protein
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There are only
20
different types of
amino acids
, but they can be combined in many different sequences to form thousands of different proteins
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Genome
The
entire
set of
genetic
material in an organism
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Scientists have now worked out the complete human
genome
, the entire code that our
DNA
holds
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Genes can either directly cause certain diseases (
inherited diseases
) or just
increase
the risk of diseases
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Genomes
can be used to trace the migrations of our
ancestors
by looking at small differences between populations
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Allele
Different versions of the same
gene
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Homozygous
Having two of the same alleles for a particular
gene
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Heterozygous
Having two
different
alleles for a particular
gene
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Dominant allele
The allele that gets expressed when present,
regardless
of the other allele
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Recessive allele
The allele that only gets expressed when two copies are present (
homozygous recessive
)
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Genotype
The
entire
collection of
alleles
an organism has
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Phenotype
The characteristics an organism displays, determined by its
genotype
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Characteristics are often determined by the
interaction
of multiple
genes
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Genes code for different forms of the same
protein
, which are called
alleles
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Inheriting two of the same alleles results in a
homozygous
genotype, while inheriting two different alleles results in a
heterozygous
genotype
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When a dominant and
recessive
allele are present in a
heterozygous genotype
, the dominant allele is expressed and the recessive allele is not
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The only way to have a
recessive
trait expressed is to have two copies of the recessive allele (
homozygous
recessive)
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The genotype determines the
phenotype
, but organisms with different genotypes can have the same
phenotype
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DNA
Two
strands
wrapped around each other in a
double helix
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Structure of DNA
1.
Nucleotides
2.
Complementary
base pairing
3. How a
gene
codes for a
protein
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Nucleotide
Monomer that makes up
DNA
, consisting of a
phosphate
, sugar, and base
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Bases in DNA
Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
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DNA
Polymer
made up of many
nucleotides
Phosphate
and
sugar
form a backbone
Bases
stick out and pair up between
strands
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Complementary base pairing
A pairs with
T
, C pairs with
G
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How to determine
complementary
DNA strand
Look at
original
strand and
pair
bases accordingly
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Genetic code
Sequence of
DNA bases
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Gene
Specific sequence of
bases
that codes for a
protein
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How a gene codes for a protein
1.
DNA
sequence read as
triplets
2. Triplets code for specific
amino acids
3.
Amino acids
combine in order to form a
protein
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Proteins
Unique
shape
allows them to carry out specific
functions
Main uses are in
enzymes
,
hormones
, and structural proteins
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Protein synthesis
The process of making
proteins
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Protein synthesis
1.
Transcription
2.
Translation
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Transcription
The process of taking a single
gene
of DNA and copying it into a structure called
mRNA
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