Recitation 6

• Bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria
• Transformation is the Griffith experiment
• Origin is a short sequence of bases where unwinding of the double helix for replication begins
• Deoxyribose is the sugar within the nucleotide subunits of DNA
• Lagging strand is the strand that is synthesized discontinuously during the replication
• Complementary bases are two nitrogenous bases that can pair via hydrogen bonds
• Topoisomerases are enzymes involved in the controlling DNA supercoiling
• Hershey-Chase is the transformation principle
• Semiconservative replication is Meselson and Stahl experiment
• Purine is a nitrogenous base containing a double ring
• Okazaki fragments a short DNA fragments formed by discontinuous replication of one of the strands
• Pyrimidine are a nitrogenous bases containing a single ring
• Telomeres are structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes
• Purines are adenine and guanine
• Pyrimidines are cytosine, thymine, and uracil
• The steps of PCR

  1. Denaturation
  2. Annealing
  3. Extension
  4. Repeat
  5. Termination
• A→a-

  Forward mutation
• a-→A

  Reversion mutation
• A:T is changed to G:C

  Transition mutation
• A:T is flipped to T:A

  Transversion
• Penetrance is the extent to which a particular gene or set of genes is expressed in the phenotypes of individuals carrying it, measured by the proportion of carriers showing the characteristic phenotype.
• Telomeres


  Structures at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes made up of repetitive DNA sequences and protein complexes that protect the chromosome ends from degradation and damage.
• Centromeres


  Specialized regions of chromosomes located in the primary constriction that play a crucial role in chromosome segregation during cell division, characterized by the presence of specific proteins that form the kinetochore.
• Forward mutation


  A mutation that creates a new allele of a gene
• Reverse mutation


  A mutation that restores the original allele of a gene