BIOLOGY PAPER 1

• What are the two types of cells?

  Prokaryotic and Eaukaryotic
• What are eukaryotic cells?

  Complex cells (plant and animal)
• What are prokaryotic cells?

  Small, simple cells (bacterial cells)
• What is a eukaryote?

  An organism made up of eukaryotic cells
• What is a prokaryote?


  A single cell organism e.g bacteria
• What type of cell is bacteria made up of?

  Prokaryotic cells
• What type of cell are plants and animals made up of?

  Eukaryotic Cells
• What is the Nucleus? (2)

  It contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell
• What is the cytoplasm? (2)

  A gel-like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen and contains enzymes that control these reactions.
• What is the cell membrane? (2)

  Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out
• What are the mitochondria?

  Where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration takes place
• What are the Ribosomes?

  Where protein synthesis takes place
• What are the subcellular structures in most animal cells? (5)

  Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Mitochondria and Ribosomes
• What are the subcellular structures in a plant cell? (8)

  Nucleus, Cytoplasm, Vacuole, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Chloroplasts
• What is the cell wall? (2)

  A rigid structure made of cellulose which supports and strengthens the cell
• What is the vacuole?

  A permanent structure which contains cell sap
• What is cell sap?


  A weak solutions of sugar and salts
• What are the chloroplasts?

  Where photosynthesis occurs which makes food for the plant
• What do chloroplasts contain?


  A green substance called chlorophyll which absorbs the light needed for photosynthesis
• What are the subcellular structures in bacteria? (5)

  Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, Cell Wall, Plasmids, A singular circular strand of DNA
• What is the single circular strand of DNA found in bacteria?

  It controls the cell and floats freely in the cytoplasm
• What are plasmids?


  Small rings of DNA
• What are light microscopes?

  They use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it
• What do light microscopes let us see?

  Individual cells and large subcellular structures
• What do electron microscopes let us see?

  Smaller things in more detail, internal structures like mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes and plasmids
• What are electron microscopes? (2)

  They use electrons to form an image with a higher magnification and resolution than the light microscope.
• Pathogens


  microorganisms that cause infectious disease
• Which microscope has a higher magnification and resolution?

  Electron
• Pathogen types

  viruses, bacteria, protists or fungi
• Which microscope has a lower magnification and resolution?

  Light
• What is the formula for magnification?


  image size / real size
• What is the formula to calculate image size?

  magnification x real size
• viruses


  Not cells tiny 1/100th size of bacterium

  Reproduce & replicate inside cells - causing cell to burst, making you ill
• What is the formula to calculate real size?

  image size / magnification
• What is cell differentiation?

  The process in which a cell becomes specialised to do it's job
• Which type of cell has the ability to differentiate at an early stage but is then mostly lost after becoming specialised?

  An animal cell
• Which type of cell mostly never loses it's ability to differentiate?

  A plant cell
• What are cells that differentiate in mature animals often used for?

  Repairing and replacing some cells such as skin or blood
• What are undifferentiated cells called?

  Stem Cells
• What are some examples of specialised cells? (6)

  Sperm, Nerve, Muscle, Phloem, Xylem and Root Hair cells