chemistry

• Atoms


  The simplest particle found in all matter (solid, liquid and gas)
• Element


  A substance made up of only one type of atom
• Periodic table


  • Shows all the elements on earth
  • Each element has a name, symbol (starting with a capital letter), and a number (atomic number)
  • Vertical columns are called groups, horizontal rows are called periods
  • Left hand side is metals, top right hand side is non-metals
• Groups in the periodic table

  • Group 1 (alkali metals)
  • Group 7 (halogens)
  • Group 0 (noble gases)
  • Transition metals (between group 2 and 3)
• Compound


  Contains two or more different types of atoms (elements) chemically joined together
• Naming compounds


  1. Metal always goes first

  2. When two elements join, the end of the second word ends in 'ide'

  3. When three or more elements combine and one is oxygen, the end of the second word ends in 'ate'

  4. When a metal, hydrogen and oxygen combine, the second word is 'hydroxide'
• Molecule


  Any chemical which has more than two atoms joined together
• Chemical formula


  Tells you the elements and how many atoms of each element are in the chemical
• If there is no number after the element symbol, we assume there is ONE atom of that element
• What can be learned from the formula MgSO4

  • It is made up of 1 magnesium atom, 1 sulfur atom and 4 oxygen atoms
  • It is a compound because it has 3 elements joined together
  • The name of the chemical is magnesium sulfate
• Properties of metals


  • Good conductors of heat and electricity
  • Shiny
  • Solids with high melting points (except mercury)
  • Found on the left-hand side of the periodic table
  • 3 are magnetic
  • Burn to form alkaline oxides
  • Malleable
  • Ductile
  • Sonorous
• Properties of non-metals


  • Poor conductors of heat and electricity
  • Dull
  • Low melting and boiling points
  • Found on the right-hand side of the periodic table
  • None are magnetic
  • Burn to form acidic oxides
  • Brittle
  • Not sonorous
• Reactivity of metals


  • Most reactive on the left-hand side of the periodic table
  • Less reactive in the centre
  • Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides
  • Reactive metals react with water to form hydrogen gas and a metal hydroxide
• Reactivity Series


  Arranges metals in order of reactivity, with the most reactive at the top
• Metal displacement reactions


  1. More reactive metals can displace less reactive metals from their compounds

  2. The more reactive metal forms a compound, and the less reactive metal is left as the pure element
• Group 1 (alkali metals)


  • Very reactive, rarely found in elemental form
  • Reactivity increases going down the group
  • React quickly and often violently with water
• Group 0 (noble gases)

  • Inert (unreactive)
  • Do not react with oxygen or form compounds
  • Very stable
  • Low boiling points, gases at room temperature
  • Non-metal
  • Monoatomic (only occur as single atoms)
• Uses of noble gases

  • Helium used in balloons and airships
  • Neon used in advertising signs
• Group 7 (halogens)


  • Reactive non-metals
  • Trend of decreasing melting and boiling points going down the group
  • Fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, iodine is a solid at room temperature
• Halogen reactions


  1. Halogens will react with metals to form metal halides

  2. More reactive halogens can displace less reactive halogens