Foreign contributors to biology

• Aristotle(Greek)

  • First biologist, Father of Biology

  classified species in a graded scale of perfection, Scala Naturae putting a man on top of his classification.
• Hippocrates(Greek)

  • Father of western medicine
  • He attributed diseases to natural causes and not by superstition.
• Galen(Greek)

  first to introduce medicinal experimentation
• Andreas Vesalius(Brabantian)

  • noted author on the earliest books on anatomy. (On the Fabric of the Human Body). 
• William Harvey(British)

  First to describe systemic blood circulation.
• Carolus Linnaeus(Swedish)

  • Father of modern taxonomy
  • Developed the Binomial nomenclature
• Robert Hooke (British)

  • Discovered cells at corks under a microscope
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek(Dutch)

  • Father of microbiology
  •  first to observe single-celled organisms in their unique lens.
• Antoine Lavoisier (French)

  Showed that living things produce heat → concept of metabolism.
• Edward Jenner (English)

  • Father of Immunology; made the first vaccine (smallpox).
• Jean-Baptiste De Lamarck (French)

  Early evolution theory: traits can be passed if used a lot ("inheritance of acquired characteristics"). First used the term “Biology.”
• Gregor Mendel (German)

  • Father of Modern Genetics

  Studied traits and hybridization of pea plant known as Mendelian Genetics.
• Charles Darwin (English)

  Theory of Evolution by natural selection.
• Louis Pasteur (French)

  • Germ Theory of disease; 
  •  He created the process of killing bacteria in milk and wine known as “pasteurization.” 
• Joseph Lister (British)

  use of antiseptics for cleaning and sterilizing wound
• Alexander Fleming (British)

  Discovered penicillin (first widely used antibiotic).
• James Watson & Francis Crick (American & British)

  Discovered DNA’s double helix structure.
• Claude Bernard (French)

  Use of surgery for knowledge, which became helpful in medicine.