MICROSCOPE

• MICROSCOPE

  • Optical instrument used to view objects too small to be seen by the naked eye.
• Microscope comes from the Ancient Greek words mikros(small) and skopein(to look)
• Antonie Janssens and Zacharias Janssens

  • Discovered microscope
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

  • Father of microbiology
  • Own microscope based on Janssens’
  • First observed the sperm cell
• TWO MAJOR PARTS OF A MICRSOCOPE

  1. OPTICAL PARTS
  2. MECHANICAL PARTS
• • Eyepiece(detachable)- the lens where the viewer looks to see the specimen. Power lenses with 5x, 10x, 12.5x are used
• Objective Lenses-  the lenses closest to the specimen
• Low power objectives(LPO)- smallest, to see the general structure of the specimen

  Color: Yellow or red

  Magnification: 10x

  Largest lens
• • High power objective(HPO)-biggest, to view the sample its detailed from

  Color: Blue/Light blue

  Magnification: 40x

  Smallest lense
• • Oil immersion Objective(OIO)- 100x magnification

  Color: White
• • Mirror or Light source- used to reflect light from an external source. Most microscopes now use low voltage bulbs. Depends on the availability of light
  • Concave side- artificial light, used indoor

  Flat side- natural light, used outdoor
• Mirror holder- holds the mirror
• Condenser- focuses light from the illuminator onto the specimen being viewed
• Iris diaphragm- it can be opened or closed to adjust the amount of light reaching the specimen.
• Mechanical Parts- provide structure, stability, and mechanisms for adjusting the focus and positioning of the specimen.
• Base- supports the microscope and where the light source is located.
• Arm- connects the body tube to the base of the microscope.
• Inclination joint- used to tilt the microscope for ease of use.
• Stage- this is a platform where the slide is placed.
• Stage clips- metal clips that hold the slide in place
• • Mechanical stage-  next to stage clip, used to move specimen left and right, up and down
• Substage- Iris diaphragm and condenser
• • Body Tube- connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses.
• Draw tube- holds the eyepiece
• Rotating nosepiece- houses different objective lenses. It is turned to select the desired objective lens.
• Coarse Adjustment- brings specimens into general focus
• Fine adjustment- fine-tunes the focus to see the specimen in detail
• • Pillar- supporting piece arising from the base
• Specimen- is the object being examined usually mounted on a slide(rectangular flat thin glass) and covered with a coverslip
• Compound Microscope 

  • Most common microscope

  Uses two lenses to achieve up to 1000x or 2000x magnification
• Confocal Microscope

  • Allows 2D or 3D images  of the subject matter. 
  • Three-dimensional reconstruction of a mouse kidney tubule in which cytoskeleton components are labeled with red fluorescence and membrane components are marked with green
• Fluorescence Microscope

  • High energy, short-wavelength light is used.
  • Spatial resolution amount is limited, but is powerful enough to detect single molecule.
• Scanning Electron Microscope

  • Uses electrons instead of light.
  • Used exclusively to view the surface of an object/subcellular structures
  • Approximately 300 microns wide
• Scanning Probe Microscope

  • Uses physical probe to examine the sample
  • Scan is done using a raster(line by line) method
  • Take some time but produce high-quality computer images.
•  Simple Microscope

  • Most basic type of microscope
  • Created in the 17th century by Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
  • Involves a single convex lens and specimen holder

  Capable of magnifying 200x to 300x
• Stereo Microscope

  • Also called dissecting microscope
  • Allows viewing of 3d objects without slides at lower magnifications, allowing to study opaque objects

  300x magnification, but can view and manipulate 3d objects
• Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM)

  • Uses ultra-thin samples prepared on slide.
  • Black and white image allows for high degree of magnification and resolution.
• UV Microscope

  • Can get twice the resolution of visible light microscopes using ultraviolet light produced by a mercury arc or xenon burner.
  • Images are either photographed or scanned using a digital sensor to avoid harming the observer’s eye
• X-ray Microscope

  • Uses in the observation of living cells, x-ray microscopes use electromagnetic radiation tp create highly detailed images.
• Polarizing Microscope

  • Uses polarized light along with transmitted and, or reflected illumination to examine chemical, rocks, and minerals