Miss Estruch

• What are the organelles that need to be known for eukaryotic cells?

  • Cell membrane
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Lysosomes
  • Ribosomes
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Mitochondria
  • Permanent vacuole (in plants)
  • Chloroplasts (in plants)
  • Cellulose cell walls (in plants)
• What is the structure surrounding the nucleus called?

  Nuclear envelope
• What is the function of nuclear pores?

  To allow substances to enter and exit
• What is the jelly-like material inside the nucleus called?

  Nucleoplasm
• What type of DNA is found in the nucleus?

  Linear DNA bound to proteins
• What is the function of the nucleolus?

  Site of RNA production and ribosome assembly
• What distinguishes rough endoplasmic reticulum from smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface
• What is the primary function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

  Protein synthesis
• What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

  Synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates
• What does the Golgi apparatus resemble in shape?

  A Wi-Fi symbol
• What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

  Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
• How do secretory vesicles function in the Golgi apparatus?

  They transport finished products to the cell surface
• What are lysosomes filled with?

  Digestive enzymes
• How do lysosomes aid in digestion within phagocytes?

  They fuse with phagosomes to digest pathogens
• What is the primary function of mitochondria?

  Site of aerobic respiration
• What is the structure of mitochondria?

  Double membrane with folded inner membrane
• What type of ribosomes are found in eukaryotic cells?

  80S ribosomes
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Protein synthesis
• What is the structure of a permanent vacuole in plant cells?

  Filled with fluid and surrounded by tonoplast
• What is the function of a permanent vacuole?

  Provides support and stores substances
• What is the primary function of chloroplasts?

  Photosynthesis
• What is the structure of chloroplasts?

  Double membrane with thylakoid stacks
• What is the composition of plant cell walls?

  Cellulose
• What is the function of the cell wall?

  Provides structural strength to the cell
• What is the structure of the plasma membrane?

  Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins
• What is the function of the plasma membrane?

  Controls entry and exit of substances
• What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  • Prokaryotic cells are much smaller
  • Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles
  • Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller (70S)
  • Prokaryotic DNA is circular and located in cytoplasm
  • Prokaryotic cell walls contain murein, not cellulose or chitin
• What are viruses classified as?

  Non-living and acellular
• Why are viruses considered non-living?

  They cannot perform metabolic reactions
• What are the three structures that all viruses contain?

  Genetic material, capsid, attachment protein
• What is the function of the capsid in viruses?

  Protects the genetic material
• What is the purpose of attachment proteins in viruses?

  To attach to host cell receptors
• What methods can be used to study cells?

  • Microscopy
  • Cell fractionation
  • Ultracentrifugation
• What does magnification refer to in microscopy?

  Size of image compared to actual size
• What does resolution refer to in microscopy?

  Minimum distance to view objects separately
• What determines the resolution of an optical microscope?

  Wavelength of visible light
• What determines the resolution of an electron microscope?

  Wavelength of electrons
• What are the differences between optical and electron microscopes?

  • Optical uses light; electron uses electrons
  • Optical has lower resolution; electron has higher resolution
  • Optical can view living samples; electron cannot
  • Optical produces color images; electron produces black and white
• What can be viewed with an optical microscope?

  Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
• Why can't living samples be viewed in an electron microscope?

  Samples must be in a vacuum