geography 4

• Salt water to fresh water

  1. Evaporation

  2. Condensation

  3. Precipitation
• Water cycle


  The continuous movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface
• Evaporation


  The process that changes liquid water to gaseous water (water vapor)
• Condensation


  The process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water
• Precipitation


  Water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface
• River's journey


  1. Source

  2. Flows downhill due to gravity

  3. Course divided into upper, middle, and lower
• Upper course


  • Small, flows quickly due to steep gradient, erodes vertically creating V-shaped valleys and waterfalls
• Middle course


  • More water, gentler slope, erodes laterally creating wider valleys and meanders
• Lower course


  • Widest and slowest, deposits more material than it erodes, creating floodplains and deltas
• River's course changes


  Due to natural processes like erosion and deposition, or human activities like dam construction
• The river continues to flow until it reaches its end point, usually a lake or the sea
• Long profile of a river


  • Curves down like a saucer
• Parts of a river

  • Upper course
  • Middle course
  • Lower course
• The river finally reaches sea level
• Towns along the Thames river

  • London
  • Oxford
  • Reading
  • Windsor
  • Henley-On-Thames
• The Thames river starts at Kemble and ends at the North Sea-Thames Estuary
• River erosion processes


  • Hydraulic action
  • Solution
  • Abrasion
  • Attrition
• River transport processes


  • Traction
  • Saltation
  • Suspension
  • Solution
• Deposition


  A river loses energy and begins to drop the materials that it is carrying, with larger heavier rocks deposited first
• Types of water movement

  • Surface runoff
  • Infiltration
  • Throughflow
• Water table


  The top of the groundwater
• Groundwater


  Water that absorbs right down and fills up the pores and cracks in the rock
• Impermeable


  A rock that water cannot pass through
• Valley


  An area with higher land on each side
• Tributaries


  Smaller rivers that join the main one
• Floodplain


  The flat land beside the river
• Mouth


  Where the river flows into a lake or sea
• Estuary


  A wide river mouth into the sea
• River basin


  The area where rain falling feeds the river
• Watershed


  The dividing line between one river basin and the next
• Confluence


  The point where two rivers join
• Long profile


  A side view showing how the slope changes
• Cross profile


  A cross-section of the river channel
• Towns along the Thames

  • London
  • Oxford
  • Reading
  • Windsor
  • Henley-On-Thames
• Start and end points of the Thames

  • Kemble
  • North Sea-Thames Estuary
• Erosion


  To break and wear the rocks down
• Transport


  To pick up more rocks inside the river
• Deposition


  The drop materials back down
• Hydraulic action


  The force of the water breaks the riverbed + banks
• Solution


  The river dissolves minerals