[16] Infectious Diseases

Cards (46)

  • Infectious Conditions
    • illness due to pathogens or toxic product from an infected person, animals or contaminated inanimate objects which is transmitted to susceptible host
  • 3 contributory factors outcome of disease
    • Agent (what)
    • Host (who)
    • Environment (where)
  • Characteristics of Host (who)
    • Age
    • Prior Exposure
    • Susceptibility
    • Co-infection
    • Immune Response
  • Intervention of Host (who)
    • Treat
    • Isolate
    • Immune
    • Nutrition
  • Host (who)
    • outcome of exposure to an infectious diseases
    • determines person's susceptibility
  • Characteristics of Environment (where)
    • Climate
    • Physical Structure
    • Population Density
    • Social Structure
  • Interventions of Environment (where)
    • Preventive Services
    • Sanitation, water
    • Housing quality
  • Environment (where)
    • favorable surroundings external to the host that cause disease to be likely transmitted
  • Characteristics of Agent (what)
    • Toxicity, Virulence, infectivity
    • Susceptibility to antibiotics
    • Ability to survive outside the body
  • Treatment of Agent (what)
    • Genetically modify
    • Eradicate
  • Connection of Agent and Host
    • Protect
    • Educate
    • Alter exposure
  • Connection of Agent and Environment
    • Remove breeding grounds
    • Improve sanitation
  • Connection of Environment and Host
    • Educate
    • Change activity pattern
    • Quarantine
  • Agents of Disease Transmission
    • Bacteria
    • Virus
    • Fungi
    • Parasites
  • Bacteria
    • single-celled microorganism
    • various size and shape
    • can reproduce on their own
    • can be harmful and helpful (digestion)
  • Fungi
    • yeast, molds, mushroom
    • distinct from plants and animals
    • obtain nutrients from absorbing organic matter from surrounding
    • harmful (athlete's foot; yeast infection)
    • helpful (food production; medicine)
  • Virus
    • microscopic infectious agents smaller than bacteria
    • cannot reproduce on their own
    • Invade host to replicate
    • Common cold, HIV/AIDS, Covid-19
  • Parasite
    • live in or on another organism (host)
    • benefit at the host expense
    • Malaria, Intestinal Infections, Parasitic Worms
  • Infectious Disease Specific Conditions
    • Meningitis
    • Encephalitis
    • Brain Abscess
  • Meningitis
    • inflammation from protective membrane around the brain/spinal cord called meninges
    • common in babies, young children, teenager, young adult
    • can be viral or bacterial
    • viral is most common but least serious
  • Types of Meningitis
    • Neisseria Meningitis: leading cause of bacterial infection in PH
    • Bacteria Meningitis: common in children
    • Tuberculous Bacterial Meningitis: common in adults
    • Bacteria Meningitis & Tuberculous Bacterial Meningitis are two commonly encountered CNS infection in neurology training hospital (7)
  • Meningitis Symptoms
    • Painful, Stiff Neck
    • Headaches, feeling confused/sleepy
    • High Fever
    • Easily Bruising/Rashes
    • Sensitivity to Light
  • Meningitis Treatment
    • Intravenous antibiotics
    • Long term may occur hearing loss, cognitive dysfunction, motor deficits, epilepsy, and language impairments
  • Encephalitis
    • Inflammation from the brain itself
    • common from very young and very old
    • cause: autoimmune, bacterial, fungal, viral
    • causative agent: Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)
    • endemic to PH
  • Encephalitis Symptoms
    • Headaches
    • Fever
    • Weakness
    • Changes in sensorium
    • Paralysis
    • Seizures (children)
  • Encephalitis Treatment
    • JEV
    • Vaccination for prophylaxis
    • no known vax for infected (supportive & rehabilitative care)
  • Brain Abscess: puss-filled swelling in the brain
  • Brain abscess can be due to
    • Infectious causes
    • spread of infection from ear/dental to brain
    • spread of infection from different body to brain via blood
    • Trauma
    • rare
    • head injury: when the skull is cracked open allowing bacteria and fungi to enter the brain
  • Brain abscess Symptoms
    • Head aches
    • Mental Status Changes
    • Focal Neurologic Deficits
    • Localized pain to the side of abscess
    • Fever/Seizures
    • Nausea/Vomiting
  • Brain abscess treatment
    • Medical or Surgical
    • If left untreated
    • meningitis
    • ventriculitis
    • increased intraoral pressure
    • seizures
    • neurologic deficits
    • death
  • Nutrition: process of providing or obtaining nutrition for growth and health
  • Malnutrition: unable to fully attain necessary food for health and growth
  • Malnutrition can be excess or deficiency
  • Undernutrition (deficiency)
    • Stunting: Low height for age
    • Wasting: Low weight for height
    • Underweight: Low weight for age
  • Overnutrition (excess)
    • Overweight: High weight for height
    • diet related non-communicable diseases (diabetes, stroke, heart attack, cancer)
  • Macronutrient related malnutrition
    • MRM excess and deficiency
    • Macronutrient: iron, iodine, foliate, vitamins
  • Statistics
    • High prevalence of over and under nutrition
    • Stunting below 5 years old are higher than Asian regional average
    • 1/3 of adults in PH are overweight/obese
    • 70%-80% of adults lack macronutrients
    • existence of double malnutrition burden (both overweight and underweight)
    • Nutrition is globally worsening
  • Cycle of Malnutrition
    1. Low food intake during pregnancy
    2. Nutritional deficits (infection/disease)
    3. Stunting/Wasting
    4. Unhealthy body in adults
    5. Low productivity
    6. Poverty
  • Management for Malnutrition
    • Primary
    • Secondary
    • Tertiary