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SP 128
SP 128: 3rd LE
[16] Infectious Diseases
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Infectious Conditions
illness
due to
pathogens
or
toxic
product
from an
infected person
,
animals
or
contaminated inanimate objects
which is
transmitted
to
susceptible
host
3
contributory factors outcome
of
disease
Agent
(
what
)
Host
(
who
)
Environment
(
where
)
Characteristics of
Host
(
who
)
Age
Prior
Exposure
Susceptibility
Co-infection
Immune
Response
Intervention of
Host
(
who
)
Treat
Isolate
Immune
Nutrition
Host
(
who
)
outcome
of
exposure
to an
infectious diseases
determines person's susceptibility
Characteristics of
Environment
(
where
)
Climate
Physical Structure
Population
Density
Social
Structure
Interventions
of
Environment
(
where
)
Preventive Services
Sanitation
,
water
Housing quality
Environment
(
where
)
favorable
surroundings
external to the host that cause disease to be likely transmitted
Characteristics of
Agent
(
what
)
Toxicity
,
Virulence
,
infectivity
Susceptibility
to
antibiotics
Ability to survive outside the body
Treatment of
Agent
(
what
)
Genetically
modify
Eradicate
Connection of Agent and Host
Protect
Educate
Alter exposure
Connection of Agent and Environment
Remove breeding grounds
Improve sanitation
Connection of Environment and Host
Educate
Change activity pattern
Quarantine
Agents of Disease Transmission
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Parasites
Bacteria
single-celled microorganism
various
size
and
shape
can reproduce on their own
can
be
harmful
and
helpful
(
digestion)
Fungi
yeast
,
molds
,
mushroom
distinct
from
plants
and
animals
obtain
nutrients
from
absorbing
organic matter
from
surrounding
harmful
(
athlete's foot
;
yeast infection
)
helpful
(
food production
;
medicine
)
Virus
microscopic infectious agents
smaller
than
bacteria
cannot
reproduce
on their own
Invade host to replicate
Common cold, HIV/AIDS, Covid-19
Parasite
live in or on another organism
(
host
)
benefit at the
host expense
Malaria, Intestinal Infections,
Parasitic Worms
Infectious Disease Specific Conditions
Meningitis
Encephalitis
Brain Abscess
Meningitis
inflammation from protective membrane
around the
brain
/
spinal
cord
called
meninges
common
in
babies
,
young
children
,
teenager
,
young
adult
can be
viral
or
bacterial
viral
is most
common
but
least serious
Types of Meningitis
Neisseria
Meningitis:
leading
cause
of
bacterial
infection
in
PH
Bacteria
Meningitis: common in
children
Tuberculous Bacterial
Meningitis
: common in
adults
Bacteria Meningitis
&
Tuberculous Bacterial Meningitis
are two commonly encountered
CNS infection
in
neurology training hospital
(7)
Meningitis Symptoms
Painful
,
Stiff Neck
Headaches
, feeling
confused
/
sleepy
High Fever
Easily Bruising
/
Rashes
Sensitivity
to
Light
Meningitis Treatment
Intravenous antibiotics
Long
term may occur
hearing loss
,
cognitive dysfunction
,
motor
deficits
,
epilepsy
, and
language impairments
Encephalitis
Inflammation
from the
brain
itself
common from very
young
and very
old
cause:
autoimmune
,
bacterial
,
fungal
,
viral
causative agent:
Japanese
Encephalitis
Virus
(
JEV
)
endemic to
PH
Encephalitis Symptoms
Headaches
Fever
Weakness
Changes
in
sensorium
Paralysis
Seizures
(
children
)
Encephalitis Treatment
JEV
Vaccination
for
prophylaxis
no known vax
for
infected
(
supportive & rehabilitative
care)
Brain Abscess
:
puss-filled swelling
in the
brain
Brain abscess can be due to
Infectious
causes
spread
of
infection
from
ear
/
dental
to
brain
spread
of
infection
from
different body
to
brain
via
blood
Trauma
rare
head injury
: when the
skull
is
cracked open
allowing
bacteria
and
fungi
to
enter
the
brain
Brain abscess Symptoms
Head
aches
Mental Status Changes
Focal Neurologic
Deficits
Localized pain to the side of abscess
Fever
/
Seizures
Nausea
/
Vomiting
Brain abscess treatment
Medical or
Surgical
If left untreated
meningitis
ventriculitis
increased
intraoral
pressure
seizures
neurologic
deficits
death
Nutrition
:
process of providing or obtaining nutrition for growth and health
Malnutrition
:
unable to fully attain necessary food for health and growth
Malnutrition
can be
excess
or
deficiency
Undernutrition
(
deficiency
)
Stunting
:
Low height for age
Wasting
:
Low weight for height
Underweight
:
Low weight for age
Overnutrition
(
excess
)
Overweight
:
High weight for height
diet related non-communicable diseases
(
diabetes
,
stroke
,
heart attack
,
cancer
)
Macronutrient related malnutrition
MRM excess and deficiency
Macronutrient
:
iron
,
iodine
,
foliate
,
vitamins
Statistics
High prevalence of over and under nutrition
Stunting below 5 years old are higher than Asian regional average
1/3 of adults in PH are overweight/obese
70%-80% of adults lack macronutrients
existence of double malnutrition burden (both overweight and underweight)
Nutrition is globally worsening
Cycle of Malnutrition
Low food intake during pregnancy
Nutritional deficits (infection/disease)
Stunting/Wasting
Unhealthy body in adults
Low productivity
Poverty
Management for Malnutrition
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
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