[16] Infectious Diseases

• Infectious Conditions

  • illness due to pathogens or toxic product from an infected person, animals or contaminated inanimate objects which is transmitted to susceptible host
• 3 contributory factors outcome of disease

  • Agent (what)
  • Host (who)
  • Environment (where)
• Characteristics of Host (who)

  • Age
  • Prior Exposure
  • Susceptibility
  • Co-infection
  • Immune Response
• Intervention of Host (who)

  • Treat
  • Isolate
  • Immune
  • Nutrition
• Host (who)

  • outcome of exposure to an infectious diseases
  • determines person's susceptibility
• Characteristics of Environment (where)

  • Climate
  • Physical Structure
  • Population Density
  • Social Structure
• Interventions of Environment (where)

  • Preventive Services
  • Sanitation, water
  • Housing quality
• Environment (where)

  • favorable surroundings external to the host that cause disease to be likely transmitted
• Characteristics of Agent (what)

  • Toxicity, Virulence, infectivity
  • Susceptibility to antibiotics
  • Ability to survive outside the body
• Treatment of Agent (what)

  • Genetically modify
  • Eradicate
• Connection of Agent and Host

  • Protect
  • Educate
  • Alter exposure
• Connection of Agent and Environment

  • Remove breeding grounds
  • Improve sanitation
• Connection of Environment and Host

  • Educate
  • Change activity pattern
  • Quarantine
• Agents of Disease Transmission

  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Parasites
• Bacteria

  • single-celled microorganism
  • various size and shape
  • can reproduce on their own
  • can be harmful and helpful (digestion)
• Fungi

  • yeast, molds, mushroom
  • distinct from plants and animals
  • obtain nutrients from absorbing organic matter from surrounding
  • harmful (athlete's foot; yeast infection)
  • helpful (food production; medicine)
• Virus

  • microscopic infectious agents smaller than bacteria
  • cannot reproduce on their own
  • Invade host to replicate
  • Common cold, HIV/AIDS, Covid-19
• Parasite

  • live in or on another organism (host)
  • benefit at the host expense
  • Malaria, Intestinal Infections, Parasitic Worms
• Infectious Disease Specific Conditions

  • Meningitis
  • Encephalitis
  • Brain Abscess
• Meningitis

  • inflammation from protective membrane around the brain/spinal cord called meninges
  • common in babies, young children, teenager, young adult
  • can be viral or bacterial
  • viral is most common but least serious
• Types of Meningitis

  • Neisseria Meningitis: leading cause of bacterial infection in PH
  • Bacteria Meningitis: common in children
  • Tuberculous Bacterial Meningitis: common in adults
• • Bacteria Meningitis & Tuberculous Bacterial Meningitis are two commonly encountered CNS infection in neurology training hospital (7)
• Meningitis Symptoms

  • Painful, Stiff Neck
  • Headaches, feeling confused/sleepy
  • High Fever
  • Easily Bruising/Rashes
  • Sensitivity to Light
• Meningitis Treatment

  • Intravenous antibiotics
  • Long term may occur hearing loss, cognitive dysfunction, motor deficits, epilepsy, and language impairments
• Encephalitis

  • Inflammation from the brain itself
  • common from very young and very old
  • cause: autoimmune, bacterial, fungal, viral
  • causative agent: Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV)
  • endemic to PH
• Encephalitis Symptoms

  • Headaches
  • Fever
  • Weakness
  • Changes in sensorium
  • Paralysis
  • Seizures (children)
• Encephalitis Treatment

  • JEV
  • Vaccination for prophylaxis
  • no known vax for infected (supportive & rehabilitative care)
• Brain Abscess: puss-filled swelling in the brain
• Brain abscess can be due to

  • Infectious causes
  • spread of infection from ear/dental to brain
  • spread of infection from different body to brain via blood
  • Trauma
  • rare
  • head injury: when the skull is cracked open allowing bacteria and fungi to enter the brain
• Brain abscess Symptoms

  • Head aches
  • Mental Status Changes
  • Focal Neurologic Deficits
  • Localized pain to the side of abscess
  • Fever/Seizures
  • Nausea/Vomiting
• Brain abscess treatment

  • Medical or Surgical
  • If left untreated
  • meningitis
  • ventriculitis
  • increased intraoral pressure
  • seizures
  • neurologic deficits
  • death
• Nutrition: process of providing or obtaining nutrition for growth and health
• Malnutrition: unable to fully attain necessary food for health and growth
• Malnutrition can be excess or deficiency
• Undernutrition (deficiency)

  • Stunting: Low height for age
  • Wasting: Low weight for height
  • Underweight: Low weight for age
• Overnutrition (excess)

  • Overweight: High weight for height
  • diet related non-communicable diseases (diabetes, stroke, heart attack, cancer)
• Macronutrient related malnutrition

  • MRM excess and deficiency
  • Macronutrient: iron, iodine, foliate, vitamins
• Statistics

  • High prevalence of over and under nutrition
  • Stunting below 5 years old are higher than Asian regional average
  • 1/3 of adults in PH are overweight/obese
  • 70%-80% of adults lack macronutrients
  • existence of double malnutrition burden (both overweight and underweight)
  • Nutrition is globally worsening
• Cycle of Malnutrition

  1. Low food intake during pregnancy
  2. Nutritional deficits (infection/disease)
  3. Stunting/Wasting
  4. Unhealthy body in adults
  5. Low productivity
  6. Poverty
• Management for Malnutrition

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary