Itiks

• Philosophers


  Those who have searched and finally contributed to answering the meaning of life
• Ethics as a basic discipline

  • It is the backbone of human existence
  • It serves as the vertebrae that give support to the whole life direction of man
• Reasons why we want to be moral

  • Kant says it is man's rational duty
  • Mill and Betham, because of pleasure and happiness
  • Fletcher, it depends upon the situation
  • St. Augustine and Aquinas, because there is God
  • Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates, because of happiness
  • Hindu seers, because of Karma to be one with the Brahman
  • Lao-Tzu and Confucius, because of man's deepest pleading to be in harmony with nature
  • For Muhammad, because of Allah
  • Nietzsche, because God had nothing to do with man's quest
• Realistic and idealistic


  Reasons why we need to be moral
• Ethics

  • Practical science of the morality of human conduct
  • Philosophical science dealing with the morality of human acts
• 4 divisions of philosophy

  • Descriptive or speculative
  • Normative philosophy
  • Practical philosophy
  • Critical philosophy
• Morality of human acts


  Refers to the goodness or the badness, the rightness or the wrongness of human acts
• Purpose of ethics

  • Provide the tools to determine whether an action is good which ought to be done or an action is evil
  • Is a good philosophy to use for the decision-making process
  • In Business, it is very valuable for organization behavior
• Examples of morality in different cultures

  • Cannibalism
  • Bloodsport
  • Arranged marriage
  • Female genital mutilation
• Difference between ethics and morality

  • Ethics provides principles on the morality of human acts
  • Morality is the praxis of the theory (Ethics)
• Postulates of ethics

  • The existence of God
  • The existence of intellect and free will
  • The spirituality and the immorality of the soul
• Ethics compared with other sciences

  • Psychology
  • Sociology
  • Logic
  • Anthropology
  • Moral theology
• Morality and human existence

  • There is morality because there is man
  • Human is the only moral being
  • Man as an animal
• Degrees of moral obligations

  • Should
  • Must
  • Ought
• Polarity in morality


  Human beings have the freedom to choose between good and bad or right and wrong responses to their obligation
• Moral dilemma


  A situation where a person is forced to choose between two or more conflicting options neither of which is acceptable
• Types of moral dilemmas

  • Epistemic dilemma
  • Ontological moral dilemma
  • Self-imposed moral dilemma
  • World-imposed moral dilemma
  • Obligation moral dilemma
  • Prohibition dilemmas
  • Single agent moral dilemma
  • Multi-person dilemma
• Kinds of moral dilemma

  • Personal
  • Organizational
  • Structural
• Moral standards

  Norms that individuals and groups have about the kinds of actions believed to be morally right and wrong
• Non-moral standards

  • Etiquette
  • Legal
  • Language
  • Aesthetics
  • Athletics
• Human acts

  Actions that proceed from the deliberate free will of man
• Three elements of human acts

  • Knowledge
  • Freedom
  • Voluntariness
• Classification of human acts

  • Human acts in relation to the will (elicited acts, commanded acts)
  • Human acts in relation to reason (good acts, evil acts, indifferent acts)
• Seven elements in the completion of elicited acts

  • Wish
  • Intention
  • Counsel
  • Consent
  • Choice
  • Command
  • Fruition
• Three kinds of commanded acts

  • Internal acts
  • External acts
  • Mixed acts
• Kinds or degrees of voluntariness

  • Perfect voluntariness
  • Imperfect voluntariness
  • Simple voluntariness
  • Conditional voluntariness
  • Actual voluntariness
  • Virtual voluntariness
  • Habitual voluntariness
  • Interpretative voluntariness
  • Explicit voluntariness
  • Direct voluntariness
  • Indirect voluntariness
  • Positive voluntariness
  • Negative voluntariness
• Indirect voluntary act


  An act which is desired not as an end but as a foreseen effect or consequence of an act