Catabolism to light dependent reaction

• Metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions that transform energy inside the body.
• Metabolic Pathways are step-by-step sequences wherein the product of one reaction becomes the substrate of another reaction.
• Metabolism is when enzymes transform certain molecules into other molecules through multistep pathways
• One of the 2 types of metabolism: Anabolism is the building of large molecules from small molecules.

  small molecules or subunits join to form large ones. (energy is necessary).
• One of the 2 types of metabolism: Catabolism is the breaking down of large molecules to form small molecules.

  Large molecules degrade into smaller molecules or subunits. (energy is released).
• ATP HAS

  • 3 groups of Phosphates.
  • Adenosine as base and 3 Phosphates
• Phosphates are connected by high-energy bonds.
• All cells need ATP
• ATP's sugar is Ribose
• • ATP provides energy to other molecules inside the cell.
  • ATPs in the cell are spent continuously.
  • ATP can be restored by adding a phosphate group back to ADP.
• Most of the energy in ATP is found in the bonds of the triphosphate group.
• During cellular respiration, plants break down the glucose they made from photosynthesis to make ATP.
• During cellular respiration, animals break down the glucose they consumed to make ATP. 
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is made up of an organic molecule adenosine.

  
• Phosphorylation Diphosphate (ADP) is the process that energizes the molecule receiving the phosphate group to be used in later reactions.
• ADP is

  • The release of phosphate at the tip of the triphosphate makes energy available.
  • Cells have to be nourished with nutrients for a continuous supply of ATP.
• ATP Cycle

  ATP -> HYDROLYZED ->RELEASES ENERGY, LOSES ONE OF ITS PHOSPHATES -> ADP
• • cellular respiration can provide the energy needed to add a phosphate to ADP in order to regenerate ATP again
  • when ATP is hydrolyzed (it involves water being added), the 2nd and 3rd phosphate contributes to making the ATP unstable
  • the phosphates with their negative charges don't like being arranged in 3’s
• Enzymes are able to catalyze or speed up because they lower the amount of activation energy.
• Enzymes

  • Metabolic efficiency regulated by biological catalysts.
  • Mostly globular protein molecules.
  • Made of proteins with occasional non protein parts.
  • Highly specific proteins catalysts
  • Usually in tertiary or quaternary structures that are coupled with cofactors or coenzymes.
  • Usually named by adding the suffix -ase.
  • biological catalysts that hasten chemical reactions.
  • Can only act or work on only 1 type of compound (substrate) and it can perform 1 type of reaction.
  • Active site is on the surface of each enzyme molecule where substrates bind. 
• Protease

  • Acts on protein

  Lipase

  • Acts on a lipid
• Factors Affecting the Reaction Rates of Enzymes

  • Temperature
  • pH
  • Concentration of substrate
  • Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibitors
• Temperature


  Affects the speed of enzyme-mediated reactions
• pH


  Influences the ionization of substrates, denaturation of enzymes, and presence of charged or uncharged free amino or carboxyl groups in the enzyme. (low pH will generally result in complete loss of activity of the most enzymes)
• Concentration of substrate


  Increasing of substrate will speed up the rate of enzyme-mediated reactions but only up to a certain point
• Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibitors


  Usually shows structures similar to substrate, which enable them to compete for the enzyme's active site
• Coenzymes

  • Associated with an inactive enzyme called apoenzyme to make a functional enzyme (holoenzyme)
  • Must be present for an enzyme to be able to catalyze a chemical reaction.
• 2 Coenzymes that serve as Electron Carriers

  1. Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
  2. Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

  During dehydrogenation, they are respectively reduced to NADH and FADH.
• Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
• Photosynthesis

  • produces oxygen
  • plants make glucose through photosynthesis
  • plants use light-capturing molecules called pigments
  • The pigment that plants commonly use to capture light is chlorophyll. it absorbs red and blue-violet light but not green light (it reflects it)
  • chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts of plant cells

  ATP is used by cells during dark reactions in the 2nd stage of photosynthesis. In this stage, ATP provides energy when the cells construct organic compounds using CO2 and H2O during light dependent reactions.
• Nature of Light

  • Light is a form of electromagnetic energy or radiation.
  • It has the characteristics of both a particle and a wave.
  • Also a particle called a photon.
• Wave

  • Characterized by wavelength
  • The distance between 2 wave crests and frequency
• Photon

  • Photons of sunlight travel from outer space to the Earth (at the same speed but at different frequencies and wavelengths.)
  • Serves as a discrete bundle of energy
  • Each contains an amount of energy called quantum.
• Electromagnetic Spectrum

  • Composed of very short wavelengths of gamma rays, visible spectrum, and long wavelengths or radio waves.
• Photoelectric Effect

  • When a light beam removes electrons from molecules, It generates an electrical current in a process.
  • Occurs when energy is transferred by photons to electrons.
• Photosynthesis has 2 phases

  1. Light-Dependent Phase

  2. Light-Independent Reaction/Dark Reaction
• Light-Dependent Phase


  • Happens in the thylakoids, specifically in the stroma (fluid outside of the thylakoids)
  • Light is captured and water (reactant) is split
  • Oxygen is a product of light dependent reactions
  • Also produces ATP and NADPH
• Light-Independent Reaction/Dark Reaction


  1. CO2 enters, taken through pores often at the bottom of leaves called stomata

  2. CO2 enters the stomata which will be turned into a more organic form

  3. ATP will act as an energy currency

  4. NADPH will supply reducing power (helps add high energy electrons)

  5. The Fixed CO2, ATP and NADPH can be converted into glucose
• Negative ions are called CAT-

  IONS

  Positive ions are called ANI-ONS