History 1

• Historical Thinking


  • Reading, analysis and writing that is necessary to tell the stories
  • It is not what we know of the past but how we know it
  • The past is very hard to retrieve
• Historical thinking helps us get closer to the past to retrieve and construct more accurate pictures of what happened and what it meant
• History telling is not all about what we know in the past but how we know it
• 5 Aspects of Historical Thinking

  • Multiple Account and Perspectives
  • Analysis of Primary Sources
  • Sourcing
  • Understand Historical Context
  • Claim Evidence Connection
• Multiple Account and Perspectives


  • History is not a single account; it is collective and multiple accurate sources to learn to analyze and synthesize data
  • No single account written from one perspective captures the complexity of the past
• Analysis of Primary Sources

  • Original Documents and objects created at the time under study, and they are vital to reconstructing the past
  • Primary Data is very important, Important data are the dates, names, places etc.
• Sourcing


  Identifying and asking questions about the origin of the source, about the Author's purposes and perspective, When the source was created and for whom, about its trustworthiness
• Understand Historical Context


  • Context is at the center of historical reasoning
  • Be aware of ellipses (…) it should be always within the context. Entertain the story by answering relevant questions to make it acceptable
  • Historical Context is about locating events and sources in time and space and asking questions to do so
  • Better to understands to people involve in the story, to whom it is addresses, its main purpose and intent
• Claim Evidence Connection


  • Historical Stories must be supported by evidence
  • We should be able to determine the FACTS and the FAKES, History is not Fiction, we cannot change the stories to create more intriguing or source of fun to satisfy the reader
  • Truth claims in history need to be supported by evidence
• These 5 aspects of History Thinking are integral part of the History on what we know or how we know the past
• Other aspects of Historical Thinking

  • Causation
  • Significance
  • Change over time
  • Collaboration
• Causation


  This skill relates to your ability to identify, analyze, and evaluate the relationships among historical causes and effects. You also must tell the difference between those that are long-term and proximate.
• Change over Time


  This is your ability to recognize, analyze, and assess the dynamics of continuity and change over periods of time of different lengths, as well as your ability to relate these patterns to a broader historical processes or themes.
• Early Philippines


  • Filipinos are descended from Aeta, Agta, Ati (Negritoes), Taiwanese, Chinese, Japanese, East Indian, Arab & Spanish
  • Ancient Filipino rice farmlands in the North
  • Farm life
  • Outrigger & Fishing
• Ferdinand Magellan lead the Spanish colonization of the Philippines


  1521
• Spanish colonial government in the Philippines

  Established a social class system like the Americans

  
• Moro/Sulu Slavery: Pirates & Slave Raiders

  • Began in the Southern part of the Philippines between 1770-1879
  • Result of high demand for Chinese Tea in Great Britain & the desire to lower Chinese tea prices
  • The English took advantage of Moro Pirates that raid Spanish ships & steal guns
  • The Sulu ability to get sea cucumbers, pearls, birds', nests, tortoise shells (all products that can be traded for tea)
  • Slave labor was utilized to produce the forementioned products
  • Moro Slave raiders attacked & kidnapped people from Mindanao's northern coast, Visayas' coast, Java, Indonesia, Luzon's coast, Borneo's coast, Celebes' coast
  • 20,000-30,000 people were kidnapped from their homes and forced to collect bird nests, dive for pearls and sea cucumbers
  • The Sulu king traded birds' nests, pearls, and sea cucumbers to the England in exchange for gunpowder, silk, and porcelain
• Filipino Enslavement in the Americas

  • Filipinos came to Mexico from 1565-1815 as sailors, prisoners, adventurers & most commonly slaves on the Manila Galleon
  • Filipinos were brought to the Americas to work in the fields, plantations, mines & homes
  • Large groups of Filipinos in Colima, Guerrero, and Michoacan, Mexico
  • The "China Poblana" was a filipino slave who combined Filipino & Mexican recipes to make Mole and combined Filipino & Mexican clothes
  • Isidoro Montes de Oca was a Filipino Mexico revolutionary who fought alongside Vicente Guererro & Father Jose Morelos
  • Francisco Mongoy was a Filipino Mexico revolutionary who fought alongside Vicente Guererro
• Cavite Mutiny (Revolt)


  • Indigenous Filipinos routinely revolted against the Spanish
  • Due to high taxation, few rights, etc creoles & mestizos began organizing
  • Three priests called "GOMBURZA", Maraino Gomez, Jose Burgos & Jacinto Zamora called for church reforms & civil rights for Filipinos
  • Soldiers were forced to pay taxes for the first time & do "polo y servicio" (forced labor)
  • On January 20, 1872, 200 soldiers & workers also rose up because their paychecks not only reflected taxes, but also "falla" (a tax to be exempted from forced labor)
  • The priests "GOMBURZA" were falsely accused of organizing the revolt (by 3 alleged mutineers), along with several other soldiers
  • February 17,1872 They were executed on Bagumbayan Field
  • Some revolutionaries were sentenced to life in prison or exiled to Guam
  • Served as the "unofficial" beginning or inspiration for the Filipino Revolution
• Causes of the Philippine Revolution

  • Enlightenment Ideals (Lack of civil rights, racism, democracy, land, education, etc)
  • Unfair Casta System, that favored peninsulares & discriminated against indigenous Filipinos
  • The building of the Suez Canal (1869), opened trade, education & new ideas on freedom
  • Filipinos were inspired by the Cavite Mutiny (1872) and considered "GOMBURZA" to be martyrs
  • Jose Rizal formed "La Liga Filipina" (1892), which split into 2 groups
  • Filipinos never stopped organizing
• The Katipunan


  • Organized in 1895 by Andres Bonifacio
  • Meant "gathering", "society" in Tagalog
  • It was a pro-independence Filipino group
  • Emilio Aguinaldo, a veteran & survivor of the Cavite Mutiny joined the group
  • It had a membership of 100,000 by 1896
• The Philippine Revolution Begins


  • In August of 1896, the Spanish discovered the existence of Katipunan
  • 1896, Andres Bonifacio started the revolution with the "Cry of Pugad Lawin or"The Cry of Balintawak" which called for an end to taxation & Filipino Independence from Spain
  • The Spanish immediately arrested Jose Rizal
  • Emilio Aguinaldo, a veteran of the Cavite Mutiny joins "The Katipunan"
  • On August 29, with 1,000 rebels, "The Katipunan" attacked Manila
  • It eventually spread throughout the country
  • Jose Rizal had publicly executed him on 12/30/1896 & became a symbol of struggle
  • Jose Rizal was a reformer, activist, writer, artist & doctor who wrote Noli Me Tangere (Critical of Phillipine Society) & El Filibusterismo (Critical of Spanish Rule of the Philippines & the Catholic Church) and created Maria Clara, heroine of Noli Me Tangere, who has become a symbol of the Philippines
  • Rizal Day is a national holiday in the Philippines
  • Emilio Aguinado wins several battles against the Spanish, became the leader of "The Katipunan", executed Andres Bonifacio (possibly on false charges) in March 1897, and on December 15, 1897, Biak-na-Bato marked the end of The Philippine Revolution
• The Spanish – American War

  • In 1898 US declared war on Spain over the sinking of the USS Maine
  • The US Navy destroyed Spanish fleet in the Philippines May 1. 1898
  • Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines & declared independence from Spain
  • Emilio Aguinaldo established the Philippine Republic & became the 1st president
• Filipino-American War


  • The US refused to recognize Emilio Aguinaldo's government & Philippine Independence
  • The Philippines declared war on the US
  • The US under General Jacob Smith committed numerous atrocities against 2,500 Filipino men, women & children in retaliation for the death of 40 of his soldiers
  • General Jacob Smith was charged with "War Crimes" & removed from the military
• Emilio Aguinaldo


  • Leader of "The Katipunan"
  • Executed Andres Bonifacio (possibly on false charges) in March 1897
  • Exiled to Hong Kong
• Biak-na-Bato marked the end of The Philippine Revolution


  December 15, 1897
• Spanish-American War


  • In 1898 US declared war on Spain over the sinking of the USS Maine
  • The US Navy destroyed Spanish fleet in the Philippines May 1. 1898
  • Emilio Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines & declared independence from Spain
  • Emilio Aguinaldo established the Philippine Republic & became the 1st president
• Filipino-American War


  • The US refused to recognize Emilio Aguinaldo's government & Philippine Independence
  • The Philippines declared war on the US
  • The US under General Jacob Smith committed numerous atrocities against 2,500 Filipino men, women & children
  • By 1902, 4,000 Americans & more than 40,000 Filipinos were killed
  • Filipino resistance continued from 1902-1906
  • The US government agreed to build infrastructure, such as schools, railroads, hospitals, etc
  • The Japanese occupied the Philippines 1942-1945
  • The US government & corporations kept control of the Philippines until 1946
  • The Philippines achieved independence
• Jose Rizal


  • Philippine National Hero
  • Born on June 19, 1861; Died on December 30, 1896
  • Head of La Solidaridad
  • Founder of Liga Filipina – a peaceful reform organization
  • Imprisoned in Fort Santiago, he composed "Ñltimo adiós" ("Last Farewell")
  • Active member of the Circulo Hispano-Filipino and the Brotherhood of Masons
  • Published Noli Me Tangere in 1886, El Filibusterismo in 1891
  • Invented the hemp stripping machine
• Andres Bonifacio


  • Father of Philippine Revolution
  • Born on November 30, 1863
  • Had been married twice
  • Before revolutionary activities, he was a messenger ad warehouse keeper
  • In 1892, he and his friend Ladislao Diwa and Teodoro Plata established the KKK or Kataas-taasang, kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
  • In 1895 he became the supremo of Katipunan which published a newspaper called Kalayaan
  • On August 26, 1896, happened the Cry of Balintawak (Pugad Lawin) where men raised their riffles and sabers crying out for freedom
  • Executed on May 10, 1897, in Nagpatong Mountain in Cavite at 34 y/o for treason
• Emilio Jacinto


  • The brain of Katipunan
  • Born on December 15, 1875
  • Died on April 16, 1899 (23 y/o)
  • He was the general during Philippine Revolution
  • He wrote A la Patría (To My Fatherland) on October 8, 1897
  • Jacinto also wrote " A mi Madre (To My Matheorlan) is a touching ode and Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness), a prose
• Antonio Luna


  • The Fiery General or Heneral Artikulo Uno
  • Birthday: October 29, 1866
  • Death day: June 5, 1899 – 31-year-old
  • Director of the war of the Philippine Republic
  • Journalist of La Solidaridad
  • Teacher of fencing in Sala De Armas
  • Founder of first Philippine Military Academy
  • First Filipino sent by the colonial government for doctoral scholarship
• Manuel Quezon


  • Father of the National Language
  • Birthday: August 19, 1878
  • Death day: August 1, 1944
  • Governor of Tayabas (now Quezon)
  • Resident commissioner for the Philippines in Washington, D.C.
  • First president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
• Apolinario Mabini


  • Sublime Paralytic
  • Brains of the Revolution
  • Birthday: July 23, 2864
  • Death day: May 31, 1903 – 38 years old (Polio)
  • Chief adviser of Aguinaldo
  • He drafted decrees and crafted the constitution for the First Philippine Republic in Malolos, Bulacan 1899
  • Led the first cabinet of the republic
  • Established the reformist Cuerpo de Comprimisarios in 1894, while pro-independence activists joined the radical Katipunan Movement, led by Andres Bonifacio, advocating armed revolution against Spain
  • El Verdadero Decalogo (The true dialogue) 10 commandments of the Filipinos to follow in their quest of independence
  • Programa Constitutional de la Republica Filipina (The Constitutional Program of the Philippine Republic, 1898)
• Miguel Malvar


  • The forgotten president of the Philippines
  • Birthday: September 27, 1865
  • Death day: October 13, 1911 – 46s-year-old (Kidney Disease)
  • Assumed command of the Philippine revolutionary forces after the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo by the Americans in 1901
  • Malvar was the last Filipino general to surrender to the American forces during the Philippine-American War, showcasing his determination and commitment to the cause
• Gliceria Marella De Villavicencio


  • Birthday: May 13, 1852, in Taal, Batangas
  • Died on September 28, 1929 (aged 77)
  • Helped in bringing freedom in Visayas by donating ships
• Trinidad Perez Tecson


  • Birthday: November 18, 1848 at San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan
  • Died on: January 28, 1928 (aged 79)
  • Ina ng biak-na-bato
• Melchora Aquino


  • Tandang Sora
  • Nagalaga ng mga may sakiy st ugatang rebolusyonaryo
  • Birthday: on January 6, 1812, in Barrio Banlat, Caloocan
  • Died February 19, 1919 (aged 107)
• Patrocinio Gamboa


  • Birthday: April 30, 1865
  • Death day: November 24, 1953 (88 y/o)
  • Tiya Patron
  • Sumama siya sa mga lider ng himagsikan sa kanyang lalawigan at naging aktibo sa mga gawain ng Comite Conspirador at Comite Central Revolucionario de Visayas
  • Isa sa mga kilalang gawa niya ay ang pagtaas ng watawat ng Filipinas sa pasinaya ng pamahalaang rebolusyonaryo sa Visayas noong 17 Nobyembre 1898
  • Siya rin ay naging espiya at tagahatid ng mensahe para sa rebolusyon
• Nazari Lagos


  • Birthday: August 28, 1851
  • Death day: January 27, 1945 (93 y/o)
  • "Florence nightingale ng iloilo" sa kultura. At ang kanilang bahay ay nagsilbing lugar ng mga pagpupulong ng mga maghihimagsik. Nanguna siya sa pag-alaga ng mga sugatan at maysakit