Organisation of human body

• Anatomy


  (Greek anatomē, 'dissection') the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts
• Anatomy is a branch of natural science which deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times.
• Macroscopic anatomy (gross anatomy)

  The examination of an animal's body parts using unaided eyesight. Gross anatomy also includes the branch of superficial anatomy.
• Microscopic anatomy


  Involves the use of optical instruments in the study of the tissues of various structures, known as histology, and also in the study of cells.
• Physiology


  (from Ancient Greek φύσις (physis) 'nature, origin', and -λογία (-logia) 'study of') the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system.
• As a sub-discipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms organ systems, individual organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical and physical functions in a living system
• According to the classes of organisms, the field of physiology can be divided into medical physiology, animal physiology, plant physiology, cell physiology and comparative physiology
• Levels of organization of the human body

  • Chemical level (atoms and molecules)
  • Cellular level
  • Tissue level
  • Organ level
  • System level
  • Organismal level
• Chemical level


  The simplest building blocks: subatomic particles, atoms and molecules. Examples are hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and iron.
• Molecules are the chemical building blocks of all body structures.
• Cell


  The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism. Single celled organisms, like bacteria, are extremely small, independently-living organisms with a cellular structure. Humans are multicellular organisms with independent cells working in concert together.
• Tissue


  A group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to perform a specific function.
• Four basic types of tissue in the body

  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscular tissue
  • Nervous tissue
• Organ


  An anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. Each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions.
• Organ system


  A group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.
• Examples of organs


  • Stomach, heart, liver, lungs, and brain
• System


  Consists of related organs that have a common function.
• Organismal level


  The largest level of organization. All the systems of the body combine to make up an organism.
• Functions of the integumentary system

  • Helps regulates body temperature
  • Eliminates wastes
  • Stores fat
  • Provides insulation
  • Detects sensations such touch, pain, warmth, cold
• Functions of the skeletal system

  • Supports and protects body
  • Provides attachments for muscles
  • Stores cells that produce blood cells
  • Stores minerals and lipids
• Functions of the muscular system


  • Body movements
  • Maintain posture
  • Produces heat
• Functions of the nervous system


  • Regulates body activities through nerve impulses
  • Interpreting the changes and responding to the changes by muscular contraction or glandular secretion
• Functions of the endocrine system

  • Responsible for regulation of body activities through hormones transported by the blood to various target organs
• Functions of the cardiovascular system


  • Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
  • Blood carries oxygen and nutrition to cells and wastes away from cells
  • Helps regulate acidity, temperature and content of body fluids
• Functions of the lymphatic system


  • Returns proteins and fluid to blood
  • Carries lipids from GAT
• Functions of the respiratory system

  • Transferring oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
• Functions of the digestive system

  • Physical and chemical breakdown of food
  • Absorbs nutrients
  • Eliminates solid wastes
• Functions of the urinary system


  • Produces, stores and eliminates urine
  • Eliminates wastes
  • Regulates volume and chemical composition of blood
• Functions of the reproductive system

  • Gametes production
  • Release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
• Metabolism


  The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body.
• Responsiveness


  The body's ability to detect and respond to changes in its environment.
• Movement


  Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny organelles inside cells.
• Growth


  An increase in body size. It may be due to an increase in the size of existing cells, the number of cells, or the amount of material surrounding cells.
• Differentiation


  The process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells.
• Reproduction


  The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual.
• Homeostasis


  The maintenance of relatively stable conditions, this ensures that the body's internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside the body.
• Nervous system


  Detects changes from the balanced state and sends messages in the form of nerve impulses to organs that can counteract the change.
• Endocrine system


  Corrects changes by secreting molecules called hormones into the blood.
• Cells


  For growth, repair, or replacement or the production of a new individual
• Understand the importance of homeostatic feedback systems and how imbalances are related to disorders