Geog paper 2 (r versions)

• Section A:


  Urban Issues and Challenges
• What is Urbanisation

  More people moving into towns and cities
• What is Natural increase

  When the birth rate is higher than the death rate
• What are push factors?

  conditions that drive people from their homes:

  - War

  - Famine
• What are Pull Factors

  conditions that attract immigrants to a new area

  - Education

  - Job Security
• What is a megacity


  a city with over 10 million people
• What are 4 methods of sustainable urban living

  - Water Conservation

  - Energy Conservation

  - Waste Recycling

  - Creating Green Space
• Regional Importance of Lagos


  -home to 10% of Nigeria’s population

  - Transport Hub (Murtala Muhammed International airport) - providing raw materials for local industries

  - 12 Universities
• National Importance of Lagos

  - 80% of Nigeria's industry is in Lagos

  - Nollywood

  - Home to most banks, financial institutions and the stock exchange (Nigeria Stock Exchange)
• International Importance of Lagos

  - One of the highest standards of living in Nigeria and Africa

  - Largest ICT market in Africa

  - Trade with rest of world via ports e.g. Apapa Port
• What are the opportunities in Lagos

  - Education

  - Healthcare

  - Water/Energy
• How is education better in Lagos

  - Guaranteed 9 years education

  - 12 Universities

  - Makoko Floating School
• How is water better in Lagos

  - Safe treated on the rise

  - Sold in markets

  - Lagos Water Corporation sells 200 million gallons a day
• How is the economy stronger in Lagos

  - Ports/Harbors

  - Nollywood

  - Manufacturing Cars/Pharma
• How is healthcare stronger in Lagos


  - Life expectancy rose by 9 years

  - 1 doctor per 8000 people
• What are the Challenges to development in Lagos

  - Slums

  - Traffic Congestion

  - Crime/Unemployment

  - Waste Management

  - Energy

  - Water
• How are Slums a challenge in Lagos

  - 60% live in slums

  - Makoko Slums over water

  - Often 15 households to a toilet
• How is crime a challenge in Lagos

  - Area Boys

  - Extortion/Assault

  - Cybercrime
• How is waste management a challenge in Lagos

  No formal collection so dumped into sea outside homes in slums
• How is employment a challenge in Lagos

  - 10% unemployment rate

  - 90% of new jobs informal

  - No taxes
• How is energy a challenge in Lagos

  - 80% Diesel generators

  - Future-Proof Lagos aims for 100% access
• How is water a challenge in Lagos

  - Only 10% have taps

  - Communal runs risk of cholera

  - Better
• How is congestion a challenge in Lagos

  - Average of 3 hours in traffic

  - Air pollution 5* higher than safe levels
• Methods of Urban Planning in Lagos

  - Makoko floating school

  - Bus lanes

  - Eko-Atalantic
• What are traffic congestion management strategies

  - Improve public transport

  - Increased road tax/parking fees
• Leeds regional importance


  - Education

  - Finance Sector

  - Entertainment
• Leeds International importance


  - Leeds-Bradford Airport

  - Headingly Stadium

  - Major TNC headquarters
• Migration in Leeds


  Primarily Students as we have 4 universities
• How does Migration affect Leeds

  - red brick housing

  - pressure on public transport systems

  - west african carnival
• Social Opportunities in Leeds

  - Sports

  - Leeds Play House

  - Universities
• Economic Opportunities in Leeds

  - 2nd largest finance and law center

  - 1800 firms in manufacturing

  - 39,000 employees in manufacturing
• How is Leeds' transport system integrated

  - MCard

  - Cycle Superhighway
• Environmental Opportunities in Leeds

  - Urban Greening

  - 4000 Hectares of greenspace

  - Plans to build a 3.5 hectare park
• Social Challenges in Leeds

  - House Prices

  - Disparities between the rich and poor

  - Not enough nursing
• Economic Challenges in Leeds

  - Disparities in Employment

  - Commuter settlements
• Environmental Challenges in Leeds

  - Urban sprawl

  - Dereliction

  - 300,000 Tones BBW a year
• Leeds Regeneration Project


  - Southbank

  - 8000 Jobs

  - 3.5 Hectares of green space
• Section B:


  Economic World
• How can we measure development

  - Employment Rate

  - Birth/Death Rate

  - GNI Per Capita

  - Life Expectancy

  - HDI
• What does the DTM do

  - Plots development into 5 stages

  - Measures Birth and Death rates and population