Head and neck

• HEAD - the framework of the head is the skull. Which can be divided into subsections: THE CRANIUM and THE FACE
• CRANIUM - houses and protects the brain and major sensory organs.
• Cranium consist of 8 bones

  Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid
• FACE - facial bones that give shape to the face.
• The face consist of 14 bones

  Maxilla(2), zygomatic (2), inferior conchae (2), nasal (2), lacrimal (2), palatine (2), Vomer (1), mandible(1)
• NECK - supports the weight of the neck. It is composed of muscles, ligaments and the cervical vertebrae
• STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID and TRAPEZIUS are two of the paired muscles that allow movements and provide support to the head and neck.
• THYROID GLAND - is the largest endocrine gland in the body. It produces thyroid hormones that increases the metabolic rate of the body cells.
• LYMPH NODES - serves as the drainage and filter. Located in the head and neck.
• Most common head and neck lymph nodes

  Preauricular

  Postauricular

  Tonsillar

  Occipital

  Submandibular

  Submental

  Superficial cervical

  Posterior cervical

  Deep cervical

  Supraclavicular
• TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA ( TIC DOULOUREUX) is manifested by sharp, shooting, piercing facial pains that last from seconds to minutes. Pain occurs in the fifth trigeminal cranial nerve.
• TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI) - which results from a bump, jolt, blow, or penetrating injury to the head is a major cause of death and disability.
• FAST STANDS FOR? 


  F- fast (facial drooping)

  A - arms (arm weakness)

  S - speech difficulty

  T - time (time to call: time loss is brain loss)
• Types of headache


  Sinus

  Cluster

  Tension

  Migraine

  Tumor related
• ACROMEGALY - is characterized by enlargement of the facial features and the hands and feet.
• CRUSHING SYNDROME - may present with moon shaped face with reddened cheeks and increased facial hair.
• SCLERODERMA - a tightened, hard face with thinning facial skin is seen in scleroderma.
• BELLS PALSY - usually begins suddenly and reaches a peak within 48 hours. Twitching, weakness, paralysis, drooping eyelid or corner of the mouth, drooling, dry eye, dry mouth, decrease ability to taste, eye tearing and facial distortions.
• HYPOTHYROIDISM/MYXEDEMA -is characterized by a dull, puffy face; edema around the eye and dry, course and parse hair.
• PARKINSON DISEASE - mask like facial expression, along with a shuffling gait, rigid muscle, and diminished reflexes.
• SIMPLE GOITER - a simple (nontoxic) goiter is any enlargement of the thyroid gland not caused by inflammation or neoplasm.
• CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT - results in neurologic damage. The symptoms depends on what part of the brain was affected
• Collapse lung - ATELECTASIS
• PNEUMOTHORAX - air in pleura
• HEMOTHORAX - blood in pleura
• TRACHEAL DEVIATION - trachea shift places
• MEDIASTINAL SHIFT - when the trachea moves away.
• BRUIT -swishing sound in the carotid artery.
• THRILL - vibrations in the vessel
• LIFT/HEAVES - outward pushing can be seen in the heart and stomach
• Cranial nerves 


  Olfactory

  Optic

  Oculomotor

  Trochlear

  Trigeminal

  Abducens

  Facial

  Auditory

  Glossopharyngeal

  Vagus

  Accessory

  Hypoglossal
• Olfactory - smell
• Optic - eyes
• Oculomotor - eye movement, pupil dilation
• Trochlear- vertical eye movement
• Trigeminal - s: facial sensation m: facial expression
• Abducens - lateral movement of eyeballs
• Facial- s: taste m: facial expression
• Auditory - hearing + balance
• Glossopharyngeal - s: taste m: swallowing