Key topic 3 usa

• How was the new deal unsuccessful in stimulating the economy?

  many have argued that the new deal failed to achieve its aim of stimulating the economy. The national total of personal income was $86 billion. In 1929, falling to $73 billion 10 years later average wages had fallen from $25.03per week in 1929 to $23.86 in 1939.
• What did some people believe fixed the USA economy

  many agreed that the real reason for economic recovery was the demand for munitions and war material as a result of the amendment of 1935, neutrality acts in November 1939 this meant belligerents could buy from the USA-within a year, there were orders for 10,800 aircrafts
• What impact did the new deal have on unemployment?

  unemployment halved from 18 million around 9 million between 1933 and 1939. This was however, still a massive figure and most workers left the alphabet agencies at the termination of the contracts to return to joblessness. The Roosevelt recession of 1937, in particular brought home how dependent people were on government schemes-cutbacks led to an increased unemployment figure of 19%
• What was the impact of the alphabet agencies?

  The alphabet agencies such as the PWA and the WPA had been created as pump primers to stimulate that economy. The theory was that public works schemes would not only create jobs through the actual ventures themselves, but also stimulate recovery by orders for materials and equipment and providing employment to maintain the schemes.
• how many people were provided with jobs by the alphabet agencies in its peak(and when was that?) in comparison to after the cutbacks

  undoubtably alphabet agencies provided many with temporary jobs at its peak in July 19 34 the PWA employed 643,299 people. However, by January 1938, as a result of the cutbacks that led to the recession, this figure had fallen into 98,743 before rising again to 342,202 in June 1939
• How many people were employed by the alphabet agencies in the wartime economy

  it wasn't until the wartime economy began to develop the numbers significantly fell from 76,042 in September 19 49,507, when it was wounded up in June 1941
• What was the development of the Roosevelt recession?

  Roosevelt advisors had warned him on several occasions that federal spending should not be reduced until private enterprise had expanded enough to be in position to recruit at high levels. However, Roosevelt was more concerned to achieved a balance budget and 1937 agreed to cut back of $66 million. The result was the Roosevelt recession by 1938 unemployment rose over 10 million before falling again a year later
• How did the new deal impact national infrastructure?

  The new deal transformed the national infrastructure of the USA in terms of public work programs which created new roads, public building and facilities and development in rural areas, such as forestation, and wind breaks.

  
  

  Most of these were created by alphabet agencies, such as the PWA, but many were also the result of existing government organisations, such as the bureau of public roads in the department of agriculture
• how much did the government grant the public works between 1933 and 1939

  Between 1933 and 1939, the government finance $16 billion grants and payments and $10 billion in loans for public works at any time. Public works schemes could be accounted for 66% of emergency funds.
• What public works were there because of the alphabet agencies? what percentage of people from these alphabet agencies took part in building, sewers and waterworks?


  many alphabet agencies were responsible for public works, and the work attended to overlap the WPA was supposedly responsible for smaller scale projects, such as schools and the WPA, large scale enterprises, such as dams and bridges, but in reality, both built streets, highways, dams and tunnels, indeed 80% of new sewers and 50% of waterworks were built by one or the other
• How many projects did the PWA and the WPA fund?

  The PWA, in fact, funded 35,000 projects and WPA 300,000 among the latter were one and a half million miles of roads
• What public works part in rural areas?

  public works in rural areas included picnic trails and conservation work by the civilian conservation corpse(CCC) and the provisions of electricity by the rural electrification administration (REA) formed in May 1935
• What was a result of public work in rural areas?

  The number of farmers with access to electricity rose from 12.6% in 1936 to 35% by 1941: 773 systems with 348,000 miles of transmission blinds had been laid in six years
• When was the Tennessee Valley authority (TVA) formed? And why was it created?

  May 1933

  
  

  It was created to harness the power of the river Tennessee, which ran through seven, relatively poor states the intention was to generate electricity in an area where only 2% of farms had access to it. More importantly, however, although essential planning authority, it encourage people to work together for the benefit of the entire region.
• What four tasks did the TVA have?

  to construct 20 dams to control, flooding and harnessed the power of the river and generate hydroelectric power

  
  

  To develop ecological schemes such as tree, planting to prevent the major problem of soil erosion, and encourage farming education, such as the development of contour ploughing

  
  

  To provide welfare and educational programs

  
  

  to provide jobs by setting up fertiliser Manu factories, for example
• What was the overall impact of public works schemes on national infrastructure?

  Avril Public works schemes. Had a major impact on the national infrastructure, providing buildings, and facilities were non-previously existed the director of PWA (Harold Ickes) asserted that Roosevelts government had a greater impact on the physical environment than any previous one, his colleague at WPA(Harry Hopkins) argued that the project built by his agency had advanced the standard of living by 50 years
• what were the three effects of the new deal legislation on women?

  The 1933 economy at: this act was designed in part to save government spending on salaries. It forbade members of the same family from working for the federal government, 75% of those who lost their jobs through this were women

  
  

  NRA codes allowed for unequal pay

  
  

  Some alphabet agencies, such as the Ccc band women entirely
• what was life women like in the new deal years

  The new deal so no discernible improvements in the status of women, they still faced the greater risk of unemployment than men, particularly if they were married, and the professions remained still male dominated

  
  

  Labour unions did not encourage women in the workplace. Their main stance was that men were the principal wage earners and large numbers of women employees would depressed wages on average during the 1930s, the average yearly salary for women $525 was half of men.
• What was the role of woman in government?

  The new deal year so more women in important government roles. Eleanor Roosevelt was a hugely influential hyper profile first lady while Ruth Bryan Owen became the first female ambassador(to Denmark) in 1933.Francis Perkins what is secretary for labour throughout Roosevelts terms of office and help draw up to the 1935 Social Security act
• Who was Eleanor Roosevelt?


  first lady, Eleanor Roosevelt acted as a significant role model for women, both during the period of her husbands administration after she took a far more proactive role than any previous first lady becoming involved, particularly in the role and status of women and social issues

  
  

  As a journalist, her features in women's home, journal regularly attracted thousands of responses while her colon my day was syndicated to 62 newspapers

  
  

  She also acted as her husband's eyes and age, visiting the country to inspect new deal and war time programs indeed as an active Civil Rights campaign, or she may have been instrumental in ensuring black Americans were given combat roles in the US Air Force
• What was the state of the US economy in 1940?

  The year 1940 was one of economic transformation-GDP rose by 10% to $100 billion from the previous year exports reach $4.02 billion. The USA was swamped with orders for warm material and factories were refocusing to produce these.
• what was Reuther's plan and when?

  1940

  
  

  It was a big decision for manufacturers to convert their factories to wall production Walter Reuther a key official in the United United auto workers. Labour union developed his plan to convert automobile plants into centres of aircraft production. This alerted the public to slow progress currently being made and help the process develop more swiftly.
• What was the economy like in 1933, in comparison to 1940?

  The economy was twice as much healthy in 1940, as it had been in 1933 it is impossible to say how the economy would have fared had the second World War I not broken out, but there is little doubt that this rather than new deal was the real catalyst for recovery as GNP rose from $68.3 billion to $113 billion and unemployment decreased from 25.2% to 13.9%
• what 3 impact did the new deal have on black Americans

  many black Americans benefited from new policies, but its overall impact on them was limited. Whatever his personal views Roosevelt needed the votes of southern Democrats, who were often deeply racist. He did nothing, for example to support anti-lynching bills, which were introduced and defeated in Congress in the years, 1934, and 1937.

  
  

  Not only was the new civil rights legislation, but many new measures worked against black Americans more of the new deal did to stop discrimination and injustice

  
  

  Nevertheless, many black Americans felt the government was at least listening to them for the first time that they had a voice. This was possibly why so many supported Roosevelt and the new deal.
• How was voting behaviour changing amongst black Americans?

  One of the most important political developments was the shift voting behaviour amongst black people who were able to vote. Traditionally, they voted Republican because this was the party that had ended slavery in the 1932, presidential election Roosevelt one only four of 15. All black wards in 9 US cities

  
  

  In 1936, this figure had risen to 9 and in 1940 all 15 in the Harlem district of New York Roosevelt won 85% of the vote in the 1936 election
• What was the reason for the shift of behaviour of black Americans?

  The reason for the shift were fundamentally a belief that the new deal was making things better for black Americans-even though often it was not, this was the result not only of measures such as the 1935 Social Security act which benefited black Americans on equal terms as white Americans, but also the higher profile that black Americans seem to have birth in government and with influential leaders
• give three views towards black Americans

  many new deal administrators were sympathetic towards black Americans and encourage them to join programs such as PWA

  
  

  Eleanor Roosevelt vigourously opposed racism, and encourage black American leaders to meet with Roosevelt

  
  

  During the new year three times more black Americans found employment in government, for example, Mary McLeod Bethune at the National youth administration, indeed, the NYA applied positive discrimination to employ more black Americans than any other agency and helped 300,000 young black Americans through its works
• What impact did the alphabet agencies have on black Americans?


  many alphabet agencies employed black Americans, although they could face discrimination notably in the Ccc where many leaders came from the south black American recruitment here more of a rose from only 3% of its workforce in 1933 to 11% by 1938 The PWA, on the other hand introduced a quota system for minimum levels of black employment for all construction projects, as many as 15% of the WPA workforce that any one time were black Americans

  
  

  Nevertheless, some new measures worked against black Americans
• What impact did the NRA have on black Americans?

  Most NRA codes of practice allowed for unequal, pay between black and white people many black Americans called it Negro run around because it was so blatantly unfair
• What impact the agricultural adjustment act have on black people?

  Many black Americans were share croppers who paid a percentage of their produce as rent landowners, however, were paid to produce less by the AAA, so did not require the produce. Many sharecroppers were therefore thrown off the land as they could no longer make a living through farming.
• How did black Americans help the military?

  Search was the level discrimination that in 1941 there were only 4000 black Americans in the military and only 12 offices. Many and listings were turned down by all white recruitment boards.
• How did the situation improve for black recruitment in the military? Was it successful?

  Roosevelt pledged black Americans would be recruited according to their percentage within the population

  
  

  The selective training act was passed in 1941, which outlaw discrimination during training

  
  

  well, both of these measures were negated. There were nevertheless 1.2 million black Americans serving in the armed forces by 1945.
• how did the war affect employment for black Americans?

  The worst employment opportunities so millions of black Americans working in wartime production indeed over 300,000 black American women found employment in war related industries because the demand for labour was acute all face discrimination, although conditions did generally improve if only because they had regular income. Nevertheless, the widespread employment of black Americans involving the migration of over 5 million urban areas caused considerable unrest throughout the USA, and led to serious rioting in various locations
• what caused the race, riots of 1943? Given an example of a specific one in June and how many people died.


  There was severe riots in 1943, particularly over issues such as the shortage of housing which were strictly segregated riots in Detroit in June 1943, led to the death of 34 people and 25 of them black, the bone of contention he was whether a new housing development should be exclusively for black or white communities
• What was the consequence of rioting in Harlem and when?

  August 1943

  
  

  Six were killed and 1485 stores broken into and looted. Overall cost of damage was estimated at between $250,000 and $500,000.
• What was the double V campaign?

  The double V campaign was initiated in the black press focusing on victory both over the axis powers abroad, the discrimination at home, the campaign featured patriotic articles promotions of the sale of war bonds and endorsement by white celebrities. The message however, was that civil rights in the US were long overdue.
• What was the impact of the fair employment practices commission? Mention a specific executive order.

  owing to the prejudice, they continue to face black Americans threatened a march on Washington in 1941 to protest unfair treatment. Roosevelt was worried by this Nazis could rightly accuse the USA of hypocrisy in condemning their treatment of Jews, while denying black Americans civil rights however, while he could do in private concerns he could fight unfair treatment in government operations executive order 8802 persuaded organises to call of all proposed matches
• What was the government action to prevent discrimination?


  The fair employment practices commission Was set up in 1941 to enforce executive order 8802 which outlaw discrimination in the defence industry as a result of its works the black American workforce in defence plants by 4% its role expanded to include discrimination against any groups, for example, women and its budget rose to $500,000
• what was the war labour board?

  The labour board was set up in 1941 to prevent industrial disputes which might impede the war effort and protect the rights of workers in war industries. One of its key policies was unequal pay for equal work, irrespective of race or gender.
• What impact did the new deal have on native Americans?

  native Americans were among most disadvantaged of US inhabitants, many eked out living on reservations, however, the Roosevelt administration targeted native Americans to improve their standards of living Anna, sympathetic commissioner for the bureau of indian affairs John Collier was determined to adopt system of self government based on their traditional beliefs and values