Unit 3 APWH

• Ottoman Empire expansion


  Adoption of gunpowder weapons led to control of much of Southwestern Europe and Anatolia, including Constantinople which they took in 1453 and renamed Istanbul
• Janissaries


  Enslaved Christians from the Balkans, converted to Christianity and turned into the best elite fighting force for the Ottomans
• Safavid Empire expansion


  Raided and conquered neighboring territories using gunpowder weapons
• Shah Abbas


  Built up the Safavid military with gunpowder weapons and created an enslaved army composed of Christians from the Caucasus region
• Mughal Empire expansion


  Babur, the first leader, defeated the Delhi Sultanate in South Asia. Emperor Akbar helped to legitimize Mughal rule by showing tolerance to the Hindu majority
• Safavid-Mughal Conflict


  Series of wars fought over lands in modern Afghanistan, originally controlled by the Mughals but taken by the Safavids. Religious aspect as Safavids were Shi'a and Mughals were Sunni
• Legitimizing power


  Methods rulers use to establish their authority
• Consolidating power


  Methods rulers use to transfer power from other groups to themselves
• Bureaucracies


  Thousands of government officials who ensure laws are kept throughout the empire
• Devshirme system


  Used by Ottomans to staff their bureaucracy, began with enslavement and conversion of Christian boys from the Balkans, included education and training in Istanbul, brightest appointed to elite positions
• Divine Right of Kings


  Idea that kings were God's representatives on Earth, helped to legitimize their rule
• Rulers using art to legitimize rule

  • In the Qing Dynasty, the rulers were Manchus, not Han (original Chinese), which took emperors to portray themselves in Confucian scholar robes to appeal to Han Chinese
• Rulers using monumental architecture to legitimize and consolidate rule


  • In the Inca empire, the Sun Temple of Cuzco with gold walls and statues.
  • Louis XIV's Palace of Versailles in France which communicated that he was in charge
• Rulers using innovative tax-collection systems


  • Mughal Zamindar System, Ottoman tax-farming, Aztec tribute lists
• Protestant Reformation


  Reformer Martin Luther's 95 Theses criticizing Catholic Church practices led to creation of Protestant churches
• Catholic Reformation


  Catholic Church initiated reforms at Council of Trent to clean up corruption
• Ottoman-Safavid Rivalry


  Safavid leader Shah Ismail declared Safavid Empire a Shi'a Islamic state, executed Sunni Muslims and cursed first three caliphs as illegitimate
• Sikhism


  Syncretic blend of Hindu and Islamic doctrines, adopted belief in single God from Islam and cycle of reincarnation from Hinduism, rejected gender hierarchies and caste system
• Land-based empires


  an empire whose power comes from the extent of its territorial holding
• Rulers use bureaucracies to consolidate their power 


  They formed large bureaucracies in which rulers used government officials to establish their rule by ensuring that the goverment officials spread their laws.
• Tax-collection systems

  1. Zamindar system was employed by the Mughal empire and they were white landowners who were granted authority to tax peasants living in their land on behalf of the imperial government
  2. Ottoman tax farming
  3. Tribute lists was used by aztec rulers
• Roman catholic church types of corruption

  • Simony (people buying their way into positions of power in the church)
  • sale of indulgences (people paying money to get their sins forgiven)
• Change and continuity in the church

  • Change: Protestant revolution helped Catholics cleaned up the corruption
  • Contuinity: dominance of Catholicism reaffirmed that their doctrine of salvation was fine