Living in the IT Era Midterms

• The Internet is a worldwide network connecting to a million of computers via dedicated routers and servers.
• Internet Service Providers refers to a company that provides access to the internet to both personal and business customers.
• Internet Service Providers don’t own the internet; rather they own infrastructure through which internet is delivered
• Meltwater is a global leader in social and media intelligence dedicated to helping businesses monitor, understand, and influence the world around them.
• We Are Social is a socially led creative agency that puts social thinking at the centre of marketing.
• J.C.R. Licklider envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site.
• Larry Roberts and Thomas Marill conducted what was later called "the first actual network experiment", tying MIT Lincoln Labs Offsite Link’ TX-2Offsite Link computer in Lexington, Massachusetts to System Development Corporation’s Offsite Link Q32 Offsite Link computer in Santa Monica, California via a dedicated telephone line with acoustic couplers.
• In 1967, Larry Roberts puts together his plan for the ARPANET. The separate strands of investigation begin to converge.
• Donald Davies, the English inventor of packet switching proposed line speed in ARPANET is increased from 2.4 Kbps to 50 Kbps
• The acoustically coupled modem, invented in the early sixties, is vastly improved by John van Geen of the Stanford Research Institute (SRI). He introduces a receiver that can reliably detect bits of data amid the hiss heard over long-distance telephone connections.
• Computers at Stanford and UCLA connected for the first time. In effect, they were the first hosts on what would one day become the Internet. The first message sent across the network was supposed to be “ Login ”, but reportedly, the link between the two colleges crashed on the letter “g”.
• The Internet started from the Advanced Research Projects Agency's Wide Area Network which is called the ARPANET.
• In 1976, Queen Elizabeth II hits the “send button” on her first email.
• In 1982, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET
• In 1983, The Domain Name System (DNS) establishes the familiar .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net, and .int system for naming websites.
• In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML).
• In 1994, Netscape Communications is born. Microsoft creates a Web browser for Windows 95
• In 1994, Yahoo! is created by Jerry Yang and David Filo, two electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University.
• Internet2 is a not-for-profit United States computer networking consortium led by members from the research and education communities, industry, and government.
• The Internet2 Network, through its regional network and connector members, connects over 60,000 U.S. educational, research, government and "community anchor" institutions, from primary and secondary schools to community colleges and universities, public libraries and museums to health care organizations.
• Internet2 operates the Internet2 Network, an Internet Protocol network using optical fiber that delivers network services for research and education, and provides a secure network testing and research environment.
• There is only one simple job that the internet does, and it is to move, transfer, or assign computerized information from one place to another.
• Circuit switching was specifically designed for real-time voice communication.
• Packet switching was mainly designed for data transmissions. It is also referred to as message switching.
• Circuit switching offers the capability of storing messages temporarily to reduce network congestion.
• Packet switching is ideal for bilateral communications and to send large quantities of data.
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a communications standard that enables application programs and computing devices to exchange messages over a network. It is designed to send packets across the internet and ensure the successful delivery of data and messages over networks.
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method for sending data from one device to another across the internet.
• IP obtains and defines the address of the application or device the data must be sent to.
• TCP is then responsible for transporting and routing data through the network architecture and ensuring it gets delivered to the destination application or device that IP has defined.
• A dial-up connection is established between your computer and the ISP server using a modem.
• Broadband refers to high-speed internet access that is faster than traditional dial-up access.
• Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a form of broadband communication that is always on, there is no need to dial a phone number to connect.
• Cable is a form of broadband access cable modem that can provide extremely fast access to the internet.
• Satellite Connection is a type of connection is provided mainly in rural areas where a broadband connection is not yet offered. It accesses the internet via a satellite that is in Earth’s orbit.
• Fiber-optic internet is a broadband connection that can reach speeds of up to 940 Megabits per second (Mbps), with low lag time. The technology uses fiber-optic cable, which amazingly can send data as fast as about 70% the speed of light
• Wireless Connection does not use telephone lines or cables to connect to the internet. It uses a radio frequency band to connect to the internet.
• Cellular technology provides wireless Internet access through cell phones.
• Servers are large data storage and processing devices that exist either as hardware or as virtual storehouses located on the internet.
• An open-source web server is used for accessing the world wide web through public domain software.