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• Chapters

  • Chapter 1 - THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS
  • Chapter 2 - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
  • Chapter 3 - METHODOLOGY
  • Chapter 4 - PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
  • Chapter 5 - SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• Chapter 1 - THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

  • Introduction
  • Theoretical Framework
  • Conceptual Framework
  • Statement of the Problem
  • Statement of Hypothesis
  • Scope and Delimitation
  • Significance of the Study
  • Definition of Terms
• Chapter 2 - REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

  • Literature Gathered
  • Synthesis of the Review of Related Literature
  • Gaps Bridged by the Present Study
• Chapter 3 - METHODOLOGY

  • Research Design
  • Sources of Data
  • Population of the Study
  • Instrument and Validation
  • Evaluation and Scoring
  • Data Gathering Procedure
  • Ethical Considerations
  • Statistical Treatments of Data
• Sampling techniques

  • random
  • non random
• Random sampling techniques

  • lottery or fishbowl
  • systematic
  • stratified random
  • multistage or multiple sampling
• Types of stratified random sampling

  • simple
  • stratified proportional
• Non random sampling techniques

  • judgemental or purposive
  • quota
  • cluster
  • incidental
  • convenience
• lottery or fishbowl - This is done by simply writing the names or numbers of all the members of the population in the small rolled pieces of paper which are later placed in a container
• Systematic Sampling


  Taking every kth element in the population
• Stratified Random Sampling


  1. Partitioning population into several strata or subgroups

  2. Sampling independently by taking an equal number of elements from each stratum
• Simple Stratified Random Sampling


  1. Grouping population into more or less homogeneous classes

  2. Taking an equal number of elements from each stratum
• Stratified Proportional Random Sampling


  Maintaining proportions of subgroups in the sample
• Multi-stage or Multiple Sampling


  Applying stratified random sampling technique in multiple stages
• Judgement or Purposive Sampling


  Non-random or non-probability sampling based on criteria laid down by researcher
• Quota Sampling


  Quick and inexpensive method where choice of sample is at researcher's convenience
• Cluster Sampling


  Area sampling applied on a geographical basis, grouping population into small units
• Incidental Sampling


  Sampling of most available elements
• Convenience Sample


  Widely used in TV and radio programs to find opinions of viewers/listeners
• Forms of presentation of data

  • textual
  • tabular
  • graphical presentation
• Textual presentation


  Combining text and numerical facts in a statistical report
• Tabular presentation


  Providing numerical facts in a concise and systematic manner
• Graphical presentation


  Most effective for organizing and presenting statistical data, bringing out relationships clearly and creatively
• Types of graphs or charts

  • line graph
  • bar graph
  • circle or pie graph
  • picture graph or pictogram
  • map graph or cartogram
  • scatter point diagram
• Line Graph


  Shows relationships between two sets of quantities by plotting points on a Cartesian coordinate plane
• Bar Graph


  Consists of bars or rectangles of equal widths, either drawn vertically or horizontally, segmented or non-segmented
• Circle Graph or Pie Chart


  Represents relationship of different components of a single total as revealed in the sectors of a circle
• Picture Graph or Pictogram


  Visual presentation of statistical quantities by means of drawing pictures or symbols related to the subject
• Map Graph or Cartogram


  Best way to present geographical data, accompanied by a legend
• Scatter Point Diagram


  Graphical device to show the relationship between two quantitative variables