Genbio

• Taxonomy


  Theory and practice of classifying organisms
• Classification


  Grouping and arranging organisms into a system to express natural relationships
• Hierarchy


  Ranks in an organized classification system
• Nomenclature


  Naming of taxa based on a standard system
• Taxa/Taxon


  Unit of classification
• Description


  Detailing of characteristics, traits, or attributes
• Aristotle


  • First to classify all things
  • Contributed to a popular concept during his time Scala Nature (Natural Ladder)
  • Ranked animals as higher than plants due to animals ability for movement and sensory
• Theophrastus (370-285 BC)


  • Wrote De Historia Plantarum classifying 480 plant species based on growth form
• Pedanius Dioscorides (40-90 AD)


  • Wrote De Materia Medica classifying about 600 plants based on medicinal properties
• Plinius (23-79 AD)


  • Wrote 160 volumes of Naturalis Historia, giving Latin names to the plants described
• Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778)


  • Swedish, botanist, zoologist, physician
  • Lived in 18th century
  • Classified species in an increasing hierarchy of inclusive categories
  • Created the binomial nomenclature system that removed ambiguity of common names by using Latinized names
• How are animals classified?

  • Domain (Eukarya)
  • Kingdom (Animalia)
  • Phylum (Chordata)
  • Class (Mammalia)
  • Order (Carnivora)
  • Family (Canidae)
  • Genus (Homo)
  • Species (homo sapiens)
• Revisions in Linnaean Classification


  • Addition of a new taxon called domain; three domains of life on earth: Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
• Archaea (PROKARYOTES)

  • Methanogens
  • Extremophiles
  • Thermoacidophiles
  • Halophiles
• Bacteria (PROKARYOTES)

  • Cyanobacteria
  • Eubacteria
  • Beneficial and Pathogenic
• Eukarya (EUKARYOTES)


  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Plants
  • Animals
• Archaea


  • No nucleus
  • Harsh environment
• Bacteria


  • No nucleus
  • Common environment
• Eukarya


  • Have nucleus
• The three-domain system

  • Bacteria, Archaea, eukarya
• The six-kingdom system

  • bacteria, archaea, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia
• The traditional five kingdom system

  • Monera, protista, plantae, fungi, animalia
• Species


  Related organisms that share common characteristics and are capable of interbreeding. "CAN INTERBREED AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING"
• Binomial Nomenclature Rules

  • The genus is always written first
  • The genus' first letter is always capitalized
  • The species is always written second
  • The genus and species must be italicized (underline if hand-written)
• Phylogeny


  The history of the evolution of a species or group in reference to the lines of descent
• Phylogenic tree


  Diagram that shows how species are related to each other through common ancestors
• Clade


  A group of organisms that includes an ancestor and its descendants
• Cladistics


  Method of comparing traits in related species to determine ancestor-descendant relationships
• Cladograms


  A visual representation of the classification of species into clades based on their evolutionary relationships
• Chordata - bilaterally symmetrical; has notochord and a nerve chord
• EXAMPLES OF CHORDATA - mammals, reptiles, birds, fish amphibians
• Porifera - organisms with holes; porous body
• EXAMPLES OF PORIFERA -sea sponge
•  Cnidaria - hollow-bellied; hollow body cavity
• EXAMPLES OF CNIDARIA - jellyfish, sea anemone
• Platyhelminthes - flatworm; bilaterally symmetrical
• examples of platyhelminthes -  tapeworm, planaria
•  Nematoda - roundworms; bilaterally symmetrical; parasitic
• EXAMPLES OF NEMATODA -  ascaris, pinworm
• Annelida - segmented or ringed worms; segmented cylindrical body